Global Review of Forest Pests and Diseases - A Thematic Study Prepared in the Framework of the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. Moore, B. A., Allard, G., Klasmer, P., Baldini Urrutia, A., Sartori Ruilova, A., Zhong-qi, Y., Pinzon, Bosu, P. P., Mutitu, E., Mwangi, L., Otieno, B., Orozumbekov, A., Chilima, C., Roux, J., Hurley, B., Nadel, R., Choldumrongkul, S., Maynard, G., Eckelmann, C., & Ciesla, W. Volume 156 of FAO Forestry Papers, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Global Review of Forest Pests and Diseases - A Thematic Study Prepared in the Framework of the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 [link]Paper  abstract   bibtex   
Forests are complex ecosystems that provide valuable products and services, have important aesthetic, social and cultural value and contribute to the livelihoods of rural communities. It is therefore critical to protect these resources from disturbances by insects and other pests and diseases. Pests and diseases can adversely affect tree growth, vigour and survival, the yield and quality of wood and non-wood products, wildlife habitat, recreation and the aesthetic appeal and cultural value of forests. They may also impede forest plantation programmes and make it necessary to abandon certain tree species or to clear cut large areas dominated by infested trees. Effective pest management requires reliable information about the biology, ecology and distribution of the pests, their impacts on forest ecosystems and possible methods of control; it also often requires international cooperation. This publication represents a rare effort to address forest pests and diseases comprehensively at the global level. Part I summarizes the results of a thematic study reviewing forest pests in 25 countries. Part II presents profiles of some globally important forest pest species, and Part Ill discusses select forest trees species and their associated pests. The information provided in this publication will assist forest health specialists, forest managers and policy-makers worldwide to make informed decisions. [Excerpt: Introduction] Forests are complex ecosystems that provide a variety of valuable products, such as timber, fuelwood, fibre and non-wood forest products, and contribute to the livelihoods of rural communities. They also provide vital ecosystem services, such as combating desertification, protecting watersheds, maintaining biodiversity, and enhancing carbon sequestration, and play an important role in preserving social and cultural values. It is critically important to protect these valuable resources from disturbances such as fire, pollution, invasive species, insects and diseases. [\n] While they are integral components of forest ecosystems, insects and diseases have considerable influence on the health of forests, trees outside forests and other wooded lands. They can adversely effect tree growth, vigour and survival, the yield and quality of wood and non-wood products, wildlife habitat, recreation, aesthetics and cultural values. Forest insect pests and diseases may also result in the limitation of plantation programmes, the abandonment of a given tree species and the necessity to clearcut large areas dominated by infested trees. [\n] Forests need to be managed so that the risks and impacts of unwanted disturbances are minimized. Measures to protect forests from insect pests and diseases are an integral part of sustainable forest management. The importance of considering the impacts of insect pests and diseases on forests and the forest sector has been recognized for some time. Effective pest management requires reliable information - information on the pests themselves, their biology, ecology, and distribution, their impacts on forest ecosystems and possible methods of control. While much qualitative information on insect pests and diseases exists at local, national and even regional scales, little comprehensive, quantitative information is available at the global level. Typically more information is available on pests of trees in industrialized rather than non-industrialized countries and also for pests of trees grown in commercially valuable planted forests (which include plantation forests and planted semi-natural forests) compared to pests in naturally regenerated forests. Virtually nothing is known of the pests associated with those trees harvested from naturally regenerated forests, at least in the tropics. [FAO activities in forest health] FAO is the only international organization working on forest health and protection at the global scale. Activities in the FAO forest protection and health programme aim to assist, advise and support countries to protect the health and vitality of forests, forest ecosystems and trees outside forests, with special reference to insects, diseases and other harmful biotic and abiotic agents. FAO provides advice on preventive measures, pest management and recommended actions to minimize risks of transboundary transfer. It also offers assistance to countries not only in response to pest outbreaks and emergencies but also in establishing long-term prevention and forest protection strategies. FAO also hosts the Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). [Collecting global forest health information] FAO gathers information to obtain an ever more complete picture of global forest health. The following activities are some examples that have helped contribute to closing the information gap regarding forest health. [\n] With the cooperation of experts from member countries, FAO compiled data for a global information system on the impact of insect pests and disease outbreaks on forests (www.fao.org/forestry/25350). The pilot system was designed to document, analyse and make current information about forest health available at the country level in order to increase awareness of the severe problems related to insect pests and diseases worldwide and to provide up to date information for policy and forest management planning. A database on the incidence and extent of insect pests and diseases affecting forests over time was created and subsequently tested and a critical economic review of its contents was then carried out. To date, qualitative information on forest health issues has been collected for 64 countries, mostly developing countries and countries in transition. The information was gathered through different sources including FAO field project reports, country reports and a test questionnaire sent out to selected technical experts. [\n] To attempt to quantify the impacts of the many factors that affect the health and vitality of a forest, the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 (FRA 2005) asked countries to report on the area of forest adversely affected by disturbances, including forest fires, insects, diseases and other disturbances such as weather-related damage (FAO, 2006). Most countries, however, were not able to provide reliable quantitative information because they do not systematically monitor these variables for many reasons. As a result, FAO has been investigating ways to adapt the forest health and vitality reporting tables for the 2010 assessment in order to improve the quality of data reported and encourage monitoring of forest health. [\n] A review of forest pests in both naturally regenerated forests and planted forests was carried out from 2005 to 2008 in 25 countries, including a number of major forest countries (Brazil, China, Indonesia), in Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean and the Near East (Table 1). Information was collated from many sources including expert contacts in the countries, the Internet and literature searches; where possible all data have been evaluated in country. Specifically, information was gathered on insect pests, diseases and other pests (nematodes, mites, parasitic plants and mammals) impacting naturally regenerated and planted forests. A section was also devoted to national capacities for forest health protection and included information on government and private landowner activities as well as monitoring and detection, data management and pest management activities. This activity is a continuous process and FAO will continue to review forest pests in other countries. [About this book] Part I analyses the information gathered in the country reports to help identify the key issues in each region regarding forest health and protection and help further discussions on regional forest pests and capacities for pest management. Quantitative forest health information gathered through FRA 2005 is also presented where available. Further information from the region that was not highlighted in the country papers is discussed to present a more inclusive picture of forest health in each region. A section on North America (Canada and the United States of America) is also included. Part I concludes with a global analysis of this information. [\n] Part II provides detailed profiles of some globally important transboundary forest pest species. These profiles are also available online at www.fao.org/forestry/pests, where additional pests will be included over time. [\n] Part III presents profiles of the pests associated with some select forest tree species. This section was prepared by M.J.W. Cock, with assistance from J. Knight, in 2002. The information was extracted and adapted from the CABI Forestry Compendium (www.cabi.org/compendia/fc) to illustrate the diversity of pest and disease problems in important forest trees. The species were chosen to represent important forest tree genera. For any given genus, only one or two representative species are discussed, although main genera such as Pinus and Eucalyptus obviously have dozens of important species. [\n] Annexes provide the raw data collected from the countries, by region, and a table of the species mentioned in the publication. [\n] Throughout this book, an asterisk (*) indicates species that are profiled in Part II. [Acknowledgements] This publication was compiled by Beverly A. Moore under the supervision of Gillian Allard. Many thanks are extended to those who assisted with the preparation or review of the country pest overview papers that formed the basis for the regional chapters in Part I, including: Paula Klasmer, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, Argentina; Aida Baldini Urrutia, Angelo Sartori Ruilova and other staff members, National Phytosanitary Protection Programme, Corporacion Nacional Forestal (CONAF), Santiago, Chile; Yang Zhong-qi, Research Institute of Forest Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry; Olga Patricia Pinzon F., Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas, Bogota, Colombia; Staff of the Department of Forests of the Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Cyprus; Paul P. Bosu, Forestry Research Institute of Ghana; Eston Mutitu, Linus Mwangi and Beryl Otieno, Kenya Forestry Research Institute; Almaz Orozumbekov, Kyrgyz Agrarian University, Kyrgyzstan; Clement Chilima, Forestry Research Institute of Malawi (FRIM); entomologists of the National Research Institute (ICAS), Bucharest, Romania; Jolanda Roux, Brett Hurley and Ryan Nadel, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology, Tree Protection Cooperative Programme (TPCP), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, South Africa; Surachai Choldumrongkul, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand; Glynn Maynard, Australia; Claus Eckelmann, FAO Subregional Office for the Caribbean, Barbados; and William Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, United States. Thanks are also extended to those who reviewed draft versions of the publication or portions thereof, including: Zvi Mendel and Alex Protosov, Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Israel; Eric Allen, Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service; Kerry Britton, Research and Development, United States Forest Service; Claus Eckelmann and Gene Pollard, FAO Subregional Office for the Caribbean, Barbados; and Jose Antonio Prado, James Carle, Mette Loyche Wilkie and Andrea Perlis, FAO Forestry Department, Rome. Matthew Cock of CABI Europe, Switzerland, with assistance from J. Knight, prepared Part III of this publication; their efforts are acknowledged.
@book{mooreGlobalReviewForest2009,
  title = {Global Review of Forest Pests and Diseases - {{A}} Thematic Study Prepared in the Framework of the {{Global Forest Resources Assessment}} 2005},
  author = {Moore, Beverly A. and Allard, Gillian and Klasmer, Paula and Baldini Urrutia, Aida and Sartori Ruilova, Angelo and Zhong-qi, Yang and {Pinzon} and Bosu, Paul P. and Mutitu, Eston and Mwangi, Linus and Otieno, Beryl and Orozumbekov, Almaz and Chilima, Clement and Roux, Jolanda and Hurley, Brett and Nadel, Ryan and Choldumrongkul, Surachai and Maynard, Glynn and Eckelmann, Claus and Ciesla, William},
  editor = {Moore, Beverly A. and Allard, Gillian},
  date = {2009},
  volume = {156},
  publisher = {{Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}},
  location = {{Rome, Italy}},
  issn = {0258-6150},
  url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/13387554},
  abstract = {Forests are complex ecosystems that provide valuable products and services, have important aesthetic, social and cultural value and contribute to the livelihoods of rural communities. It is therefore critical to protect these resources from disturbances by insects and other pests and diseases. Pests and diseases can adversely affect tree growth, vigour and survival, the yield and quality of wood and non-wood products, wildlife habitat, recreation and the aesthetic appeal and cultural value of forests. They may also impede forest plantation programmes and make it necessary to abandon certain tree species or to clear cut large areas dominated by infested trees. Effective pest management requires reliable information about the biology, ecology and distribution of the pests, their impacts on forest ecosystems and possible methods of control; it also often requires international cooperation. This publication represents a rare effort to address forest pests and diseases comprehensively at the global level. Part I summarizes the results of a thematic study reviewing forest pests in 25 countries. Part II presents profiles of some globally important forest pest species, and Part Ill discusses select forest trees species and their associated pests. The information provided in this publication will assist forest health specialists, forest managers and policy-makers worldwide to make informed decisions. 

[Excerpt: Introduction]

Forests are complex ecosystems that provide a variety of valuable products, such as timber, fuelwood, fibre and non-wood forest products, and contribute to the livelihoods of rural communities. They also provide vital ecosystem services, such as combating desertification, protecting watersheds, maintaining biodiversity, and enhancing carbon sequestration, and play an important role in preserving social and cultural values. It is critically important to protect these valuable resources from disturbances such as fire, pollution, invasive species, insects and diseases.

[\textbackslash n] While they are integral components of forest ecosystems, insects and diseases have considerable influence on the health of forests, trees outside forests and other wooded lands. They can adversely effect tree growth, vigour and survival, the yield and quality of wood and non-wood products, wildlife habitat, recreation, aesthetics and cultural values. Forest insect pests and diseases may also result in the limitation of plantation programmes, the abandonment of a given tree species and the necessity to clearcut large areas dominated by infested trees.

[\textbackslash n] Forests need to be managed so that the risks and impacts of unwanted disturbances are minimized. Measures to protect forests from insect pests and diseases are an integral part of sustainable forest management. The importance of considering the impacts of insect pests and diseases on forests and the forest sector has been recognized for some time. Effective pest management requires reliable information - information on the pests themselves, their biology, ecology, and distribution, their impacts on forest ecosystems and possible methods of control. While much qualitative information on insect pests and diseases exists at local, national and even regional scales, little comprehensive, quantitative information is available at the global level. Typically more information is available on pests of trees in industrialized rather than non-industrialized countries and also for pests of trees grown in commercially valuable planted forests (which include plantation forests and planted semi-natural forests) compared to pests in naturally regenerated forests. Virtually nothing is known of the pests associated with those trees harvested from naturally regenerated forests, at least in the tropics.

[FAO activities in forest health] FAO is the only international organization working on forest health and protection at the global scale. Activities in the FAO forest protection and health programme aim to assist, advise and support countries to protect the health and vitality of forests, forest ecosystems and trees outside forests, with special reference to insects, diseases and other harmful biotic and abiotic agents. FAO provides advice on preventive measures, pest management and recommended actions to minimize risks of transboundary transfer. It also offers assistance to countries not only in response to pest outbreaks and emergencies but also in establishing long-term prevention and forest protection strategies. FAO also hosts the Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC).

[Collecting global forest health information] FAO gathers information to obtain an ever more complete picture of global forest health. The following activities are some examples that have helped contribute to closing the information gap regarding forest health.

[\textbackslash n] With the cooperation of experts from member countries, FAO compiled data for a global information system on the impact of insect pests and disease outbreaks on forests (www.fao.org/forestry/25350). The pilot system was designed to document, analyse and make current information about forest health available at the country level in order to increase awareness of the severe problems related to insect pests and diseases worldwide and to provide up to date information for policy and forest management planning. A database on the incidence and extent of insect pests and diseases affecting forests over time was created and subsequently tested and a critical economic review of its contents was then carried out. To date, qualitative information on forest health issues has been collected for 64 countries, mostly developing countries and countries in transition. The information was gathered through different sources including FAO field project reports, country reports and a test questionnaire sent out to selected technical experts.

[\textbackslash n] To attempt to quantify the impacts of the many factors that affect the health and vitality of a forest, the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 (FRA 2005) asked countries to report on the area of forest adversely affected by disturbances, including forest fires, insects, diseases and other disturbances such as weather-related damage (FAO, 2006). Most countries, however, were not able to provide reliable quantitative information because they do not systematically monitor these variables for many reasons. As a result, FAO has been investigating ways to adapt the forest health and vitality reporting tables for the 2010 assessment in order to improve the quality of data reported and encourage monitoring of forest health.

[\textbackslash n] A review of forest pests in both naturally regenerated forests and planted forests was carried out from 2005 to 2008 in 25 countries, including a number of major forest countries (Brazil, China, Indonesia), in Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean and the Near East (Table 1). Information was collated from many sources including expert contacts in the countries, the Internet and literature searches; where possible all data have been evaluated in country. Specifically, information was gathered on insect pests, diseases and other pests (nematodes, mites, parasitic plants and mammals) impacting naturally regenerated and planted forests. A section was also devoted to national capacities for forest health protection and included information on government and private landowner activities as well as monitoring and detection, data management and pest management activities. This activity is a continuous process and FAO will continue to review forest pests in other countries.

[About this book] Part I analyses the information gathered in the country reports to help identify the key issues in each region regarding forest health and protection and help further discussions on regional forest pests and capacities for pest management. Quantitative forest health information gathered through FRA 2005 is also presented where available. Further information from the region that was not highlighted in the country papers is discussed to present a more inclusive picture of forest health in each region. A section on North America (Canada and the United States of America) is also included. Part I concludes with a global analysis of this information.

[\textbackslash n] Part II provides detailed profiles of some globally important transboundary forest pest species. These profiles are also available online at www.fao.org/forestry/pests, where additional pests will be included over time.

[\textbackslash n] Part III presents profiles of the pests associated with some select forest tree species. This section was prepared by M.J.W. Cock, with assistance from J. Knight, in 2002. The information was extracted and adapted from the CABI Forestry Compendium (www.cabi.org/compendia/fc) to illustrate the diversity of pest and disease problems in important forest trees. The species were chosen to represent important forest tree genera. For any given genus, only one or two representative species are discussed, although main genera such as Pinus and Eucalyptus obviously have dozens of important species.

[\textbackslash n] Annexes provide the raw data collected from the countries, by region, and a table of the species mentioned in the publication.

[\textbackslash n] Throughout this book, an asterisk (*) indicates species that are profiled in Part II.

[Acknowledgements] This publication was compiled by Beverly A. Moore under the supervision of Gillian Allard. Many thanks are extended to those who assisted with the preparation or review of the country pest overview papers that formed the basis for the regional chapters in Part I, including: Paula Klasmer, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, Argentina; Aida Baldini Urrutia, Angelo Sartori Ruilova and other staff members, National Phytosanitary Protection Programme, Corporacion Nacional Forestal (CONAF), Santiago, Chile; Yang Zhong-qi, Research Institute of Forest Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry; Olga Patricia Pinzon F., Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas, Bogota, Colombia; Staff of the Department of Forests of the Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Cyprus; Paul P. Bosu, Forestry Research Institute of Ghana; Eston Mutitu, Linus Mwangi and Beryl Otieno, Kenya Forestry Research Institute; Almaz Orozumbekov, Kyrgyz Agrarian University, Kyrgyzstan; Clement Chilima, Forestry Research Institute of Malawi (FRIM); entomologists of the National Research Institute (ICAS), Bucharest, Romania; Jolanda Roux, Brett Hurley and Ryan Nadel, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Tree Health Biotechnology, Tree Protection Cooperative Programme (TPCP), Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, South Africa; Surachai Choldumrongkul, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand; Glynn Maynard, Australia; Claus Eckelmann, FAO Subregional Office for the Caribbean, Barbados; and William Ciesla, Forest Health Management International, United States. Thanks are also extended to those who reviewed draft versions of the publication or portions thereof, including: Zvi Mendel and Alex Protosov, Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Israel; Eric Allen, Pacific Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service; Kerry Britton, Research and Development, United States Forest Service; Claus Eckelmann and Gene Pollard, FAO Subregional Office for the Caribbean, Barbados; and Jose Antonio Prado, James Carle, Mette Loyche Wilkie and Andrea Perlis, FAO Forestry Department, Rome. Matthew Cock of CABI Europe, Switzerland, with assistance from J. Knight, prepared Part III of this publication; their efforts are acknowledged.},
  isbn = {978-92-5-106208-1},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13387554,featured-publication,forest-pests,forest-resources,global-scale,review},
  series = {{{FAO Forestry Papers}}}
}
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