@phdthesis{zotero-null-22812,
	address = {York, UK},
	type = {phdthesis},
	title = {Towards the perception of externalised auditory images using binaural technology},
	abstract = {Binaural technology attempts to create auditory images at particular spatial locations by reproducing the localisation cues experienced during normal listening. However, virtual sound sources are often perceived very close to or inside the head, especially when the intended location is in front of the listener. The reasons for this are not well understood. This thesis documents the development and testing of a system which can produce frontally externalised images under controlled conditions. As a result, many of the factors believed to affect externalisation can now be systematically investigated.
To be considered adequate a virtual source should be perceptually indistinguishable from a real sound source in a blind comparison. Previous studies have used headphones to deliver the binaural stimuli, but this compromises the fidelity of the real source. Using loudspeakers to deliver the binaural stimuli allows the real source to be perceived normally, but requires an additional stage of signal processing to overcome the acoustic crosstalk.
Three alternative approaches to designing crosstalk cancellation filters were implemented and tested using simulations. The fast deconvolution with frequency-dependent regularisation technique was shown to be the most promising and acoustic tests verified its effectiveness.
A complete system using probe microphones was developed, which allowed the in situ calibration of the binaural synthesis and crosstalk cancellation filters. In two formal listening tests, listeners were required to detect differences between a virtual sound source reproduced using loudspeakers placed at ±90◦ and a real (reference) sound source located to the front (0◦). The results of both experiments showed that, provided the head was kept still, the system was exceptionally effective with listeners generally being unable to detect any differences. A further listening test found that when the system was used to simulate headphone listening the auditory image collapsed into the back of the head, as would be expected.},
	school = {University of York},
	author = {Moore, Alastair H.},
	year = {2009},
}

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This thesis documents the development and testing of a system which can produce frontally externalised images under controlled conditions. As a result, many of the factors believed to affect externalisation can now be systematically investigated. To be considered adequate a virtual source should be perceptually indistinguishable from a real sound source in a blind comparison. Previous studies have used headphones to deliver the binaural stimuli, but this compromises the fidelity of the real source. Using loudspeakers to deliver the binaural stimuli allows the real source to be perceived normally, but requires an additional stage of signal processing to overcome the acoustic crosstalk. Three alternative approaches to designing crosstalk cancellation filters were implemented and tested using simulations. The fast deconvolution with frequency-dependent regularisation technique was shown to be the most promising and acoustic tests verified its effectiveness. A complete system using probe microphones was developed, which allowed the in situ calibration of the binaural synthesis and crosstalk cancellation filters. In two formal listening tests, listeners were required to detect differences between a virtual sound source reproduced using loudspeakers placed at ±90◦ and a real (reference) sound source located to the front (0◦). The results of both experiments showed that, provided the head was kept still, the system was exceptionally effective with listeners generally being unable to detect any differences. 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