High levels of antimicrobial resistance among escherichia coli isolates from livestock farms and synanthropic rats and shrews in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Nhung, N. T., Cuong, N. V., Campbell, J., Hoa, N. T., Bryant, J. E., Truc, V. N. T., Kiet, B. T., Jombart, T., Trung, N. V., Hien, V. B., Thwaites, G., Baker, S., & Carrique-Mas, J. Applied and environmental microbiology, 81(3):812–820, February, 2015.
doi  abstract   bibtex   
In Mekong Delta farms (Vietnam), antimicrobials are extensively used, but limited data are available on levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Escherichia coli isolates. We performed a structured survey of AMR in E. coli isolates (n = 434) from 90 pig, chicken, and duck farms. The results were compared with AMR among E. coli isolates (n = 234) from 66 small wild animals (rats and shrews) trapped on farms and in forests and rice fields. The isolates were susceptibility tested against eight antimicrobials. E. coli isolates from farmed animals were resistant to a median of 4 (interquartile range [IQR], 3 to 6) antimicrobials versus 1 (IQR, 1 to 2) among wild mammal isolates (P \textless 0.001). The prevalences of AMR among farmed species isolates (versus wild animals) were as follows: tetracycline, 84.7% (versus 25.6%); ampicillin, 78.9% (versus 85.9%); trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 52.1% (versus 18.8%); chloramphenicol, 39.9% (versus 22.5%); amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 36.6% (versus 34.5%); and ciprofloxacin, 24.9% (versus 7.3%). The prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) (resistance against three or more antimicrobial classes) among pig isolates was 86.7% compared to 66.9 to 72.7% among poultry isolates. After adjusting for host species, MDR was approximately 8 times greater among isolates from wild mammals trapped on farms than among those trapped in forests/rice fields (P \textless 0.001). Isolates were assigned to unique profiles representing their combinations of susceptibility results. Multivariable analysis of variance indicated that AMR profiles from wild mammals trapped on farms and those from domestic animals were more alike (R(2) range, 0.14 to 0.30) than E. coli isolates from domestic animals and mammals trapped in the wild (R(2) range, 0.25 to 0.45). The results strongly suggest that AMR on farms is a key driver of environmental AMR in the Mekong Delta.
@article{nhung_high_2015,
	title = {High levels of antimicrobial resistance among escherichia coli isolates from livestock farms and synanthropic rats and shrews in the {Mekong} {Delta} of {Vietnam}.},
	volume = {81},
	copyright = {Copyright (c) 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.},
	issn = {1098-5336 0099-2240},
	doi = {10.1128/AEM.03366-14},
	abstract = {In Mekong Delta farms (Vietnam), antimicrobials are extensively used, but limited data are available on levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Escherichia  coli isolates. We performed a structured survey of AMR in E. coli isolates (n = 434) from 90 pig, chicken, and duck farms. The results were compared with AMR among E. coli isolates (n = 234) from 66 small wild animals (rats and shrews) trapped on farms and in forests and rice fields. The isolates were susceptibility tested against eight antimicrobials. E. coli isolates from farmed animals were resistant to a median of 4 (interquartile range [IQR], 3 to 6) antimicrobials versus 1 (IQR, 1 to 2) among wild mammal isolates (P {\textless} 0.001). The prevalences of AMR among farmed species isolates (versus wild animals) were as follows: tetracycline, 84.7\% (versus 25.6\%); ampicillin, 78.9\% (versus 85.9\%); trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 52.1\% (versus 18.8\%); chloramphenicol, 39.9\% (versus 22.5\%); amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 36.6\% (versus 34.5\%); and ciprofloxacin, 24.9\% (versus 7.3\%). The prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR)  (resistance against three or more antimicrobial classes) among pig isolates was 86.7\% compared to 66.9 to 72.7\% among poultry isolates. After adjusting for host  species, MDR was approximately 8 times greater among isolates from wild mammals trapped on farms than among those trapped in forests/rice fields (P {\textless} 0.001). Isolates were assigned to unique profiles representing their combinations of susceptibility results. Multivariable analysis of variance indicated that AMR profiles from wild mammals trapped on farms and those from domestic animals were  more alike (R(2) range, 0.14 to 0.30) than E. coli isolates from domestic animals and mammals trapped in the wild (R(2) range, 0.25 to 0.45). The results strongly  suggest that AMR on farms is a key driver of environmental AMR in the Mekong Delta.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
	author = {Nhung, N. T. and Cuong, N. V. and Campbell, J. and Hoa, N. T. and Bryant, J. E. and Truc, V. N. T. and Kiet, B. T. and Jombart, T. and Trung, N. V. and Hien, V. B. and Thwaites, G. and Baker, S. and Carrique-Mas, J.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2015},
	pmid = {25398864},
	pmcid = {PMC4292488},
	keywords = {*Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Animals, Animals, Domestic/*microbiology, Animals, Wild/*microbiology, Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology, Chickens, Ducks, Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology/*veterinary, Escherichia coli/*drug effects/isolation \& purification, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Rats, Shrews/microbiology, Swine, Vietnam},
	pages = {812--820},
}
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