@article{Nienaber2021,
abstract = {Abstract Intakes of the omega-3 essential fatty acids (n-3 EFAs) are low in the general adult population, with high n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios and the accompanying suboptimal n-3 PUFA status. Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have antibacterial and inflammation-resolving effects in tuberculosis (TB). However, whether switching to a diet with optimum n-3 EFA intake after the infection has comparable benefits has not been investigated. We aimed to compare the effects of a diet with sufficient n-3 EFA content in an acceptable n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio for rodents ((n-3)eFAS group) with those on the same diet supplemented with EPA and DHA (EPA/DHA group) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected C3HeB/FeJ mice with a low n-3 PUFA status. Mice were conditioned on an n-3 PUFA-deficient diet with a high n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio for 6 weeks before Mtb infection and randomized to either (n-3)eFAS or EPA/DHA diets 1 week post-infection for 3 weeks. At endpoint, EPA and DHA compositions were higher and arachidonic acid, osbond acid, and total n-6 LCPUFAs lower in all lipid pools measured in the EPA/DHA group (all P P = 0.017) and lung bacterial load lower (P 0.001) in the EPA/DHA group. Additionally, the EPA/DHA group had a more pro-resolving lung lipid mediator profile and lower lung in IL-1$\alpha$ and IL-1$\beta$ concentrations (P = 0.023, P = 0.049). Inverse correlations were found between the lung and peripheral blood mononuclear cell EPA and DHA and selected pro-inflammatory cytokines. These are the first findings that indicate that EPA/DHA supplementation provides benefits superior to a diet with sufficient n-3 EFAs concerning bacterial killing, weight gain and lung inflammation resolution in Mtb-infected mice with a low n-3 PUFA status. Therefore, EPA and DHA may be worth considering as adjunct TB treatment.},
author = {Nienaber, Arista and Ozturk, Mumin and Dolman, Robin C and Zandberg, Lizelle and Hayford, Frank E A and Brombacher, Frank and Blaauw, Renee and Smuts, Cornelius M and Parihar, Suraj P and Malan, Linda},
doi = {10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102304},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/01462563/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Nienaber et al. - 2021 - Beneficial effect of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on tuberculosis in mice.pdf:pdf},
issn = {09523278},
journal = {Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids},
keywords = {Docosahexaenoic acid,Eicosapentaenoic acid,Inflammation,Low n-3 fatty acid status,N-3 essential fatty acids,Tuberculosis,fund{\_}ack,original},
mendeley-tags = {fund{\_}ack,original},
month = {jul},
pages = {102304},
pmid = {34082319},
publisher = {Elsevier},
title = {{Beneficial effect of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on tuberculosis in mice}},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0952327821000673},
volume = {170},
year = {2021}
}

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We aimed to compare the effects of a diet with sufficient n-3 EFA content in an acceptable n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio for rodents ((n-3)eFAS group) with those on the same diet supplemented with EPA and DHA (EPA/DHA group) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected C3HeB/FeJ mice with a low n-3 PUFA status. Mice were conditioned on an n-3 PUFA-deficient diet with a high n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio for 6 weeks before Mtb infection and randomized to either (n-3)eFAS or EPA/DHA diets 1 week post-infection for 3 weeks. At endpoint, EPA and DHA compositions were higher and arachidonic acid, osbond acid, and total n-6 LCPUFAs lower in all lipid pools measured in the EPA/DHA group (all P P = 0.017) and lung bacterial load lower (P 0.001) in the EPA/DHA group. Additionally, the EPA/DHA group had a more pro-resolving lung lipid mediator profile and lower lung in IL-1$α$ and IL-1$β$ concentrations (P = 0.023, P = 0.049). Inverse correlations were found between the lung and peripheral blood mononuclear cell EPA and DHA and selected pro-inflammatory cytokines. These are the first findings that indicate that EPA/DHA supplementation provides benefits superior to a diet with sufficient n-3 EFAs concerning bacterial killing, weight gain and lung inflammation resolution in Mtb-infected mice with a low n-3 PUFA status. Therefore, EPA and DHA may be worth considering as adjunct TB treatment.","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Nienaber"],"firstnames":["Arista"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Ozturk"],"firstnames":["Mumin"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Dolman"],"firstnames":["Robin","C"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Zandberg"],"firstnames":["Lizelle"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Hayford"],"firstnames":["Frank","E","A"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Brombacher"],"firstnames":["Frank"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Blaauw"],"firstnames":["Renee"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Smuts"],"firstnames":["Cornelius","M"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Parihar"],"firstnames":["Suraj","P"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Malan"],"firstnames":["Linda"],"suffixes":[]}],"doi":"10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102304","file":":C$\\$:/Users/01462563/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Nienaber et al. - 2021 - Beneficial effect of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on tuberculosis in mice.pdf:pdf","issn":"09523278","journal":"Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids","keywords":"Docosahexaenoic acid,Eicosapentaenoic acid,Inflammation,Low n-3 fatty acid status,N-3 essential fatty acids,Tuberculosis,fund_ack,original","mendeley-tags":"fund_ack,original","month":"jul","pages":"102304","pmid":"34082319","publisher":"Elsevier","title":"Beneficial effect of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on tuberculosis in mice","url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0952327821000673","volume":"170","year":"2021","bibtex":"@article{Nienaber2021,\r\nabstract = {Abstract Intakes of the omega-3 essential fatty acids (n-3 EFAs) are low in the general adult population, with high n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios and the accompanying suboptimal n-3 PUFA status. Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have antibacterial and inflammation-resolving effects in tuberculosis (TB). However, whether switching to a diet with optimum n-3 EFA intake after the infection has comparable benefits has not been investigated. We aimed to compare the effects of a diet with sufficient n-3 EFA content in an acceptable n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio for rodents ((n-3)eFAS group) with those on the same diet supplemented with EPA and DHA (EPA/DHA group) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected C3HeB/FeJ mice with a low n-3 PUFA status. Mice were conditioned on an n-3 PUFA-deficient diet with a high n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio for 6 weeks before Mtb infection and randomized to either (n-3)eFAS or EPA/DHA diets 1 week post-infection for 3 weeks. 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