@article{Nono2021b,
abstract = {Schistosomiasis is a debilitating helminthiasis which commonly establishes as a chronic infection in people from endemic areas. As a potent modulator of the host immune response, the Schistosoma parasite and its associated products can directly interfere with its host's ability to mount adequate immune responses to unrelated antigens. As a result, increased attention is gathering on studies assessing the influence of helminths, particularly the causal agent of schistosomiasis, on host responsiveness to vaccines. However, to date, no consensus has been drawn regarding the influence of schistosomiasis on host vaccine responses. Here, we review available evidence on the influence of transgenerational and direct Schistosoma parasite exposure on host immune responses to unrelated vaccines. In addition, we evaluate the potential of praziquantel (PZQ) treatment in restoring schistosomiasis-impacted vaccine responses. Schistosomiasis-driven immunomodulation and its impact on unrelated vaccine responses Vaccination solicits robust host immune circuits to establish long-lasting protective immunity against pathogens (Figure 1). Despite effective vaccination programs which have remarkably decreased mortality from infectious diseases [1], an estimated 1-2 million children continue to die annually from vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) (see Glossary), making up nearly 17{\%} of the global mortality of children below the age of 5 years [2]. Several studies have shown that children in developing countries are less responsive to vaccines than those from developed nations [3,4], with dire consequences for protective vaccine immunity [5-7]. It is estimated that up to 77 million children vaccinated for tuberculosis, 18 million for poliomyelitis, 19 million for measles, and 10 million for both pneumococcal disease and pertussis, are not protected against target infections [8]. Lowered vaccine responses in developing countries have been attributed to, among other factors, immunomodulatory helminthic parasites [9]. Of interest in this review is the Schistosoma spp. which cause schistosomiasis, a debilitating major neglected tropical disease (NTDs) that presently affects over 236.6 million people mostly in resource-limited settings such as sub-Saharan Africa i. To promote their survival in the host, Schistosoma spp. evade and suppress host immune responses by driving strong and skewed type 2 immune responses [10] or regulatory responses which inhibit the development of both type 1 and type 2 immunity (Figure 2) [11,12]. These immu-nomodulatory effects, driven by Schistosoma spp., can occur in hosts after either indirect exposure (at prenatal, perinatal levels) or direct exposure (postnatal level) to the parasite [13]. In animal studies, schistosomiasis has been associated with immunomodulation which may impair host immune responses against several vaccine preparations for diseases including malaria [14], my-cobacterial infection [15], and hepatitis B [16]. However, human reports remain controversial. Whereas some authors claim that schistosomiasis alters the human host responsiveness to Highlights Vaccines are the greatest weapon nowadays against infectious diseases as they have contributed to eradicate or significantly lower their burden. In developing countries, vaccinated persons display lower vaccine responsiveness in comparison to those from the developed world. Direct and transgenerational exposure to Schistosoma spp. may alter the immu-nological, microbial, metabolic, and physiological wiring of hosts and impact their ability to respond to vaccines; treatment with praziquantel might potentially reverse this effect. Discrepancies in human studies blur our understanding of the real influence of Schistosoma spp. infection on vaccine responses. Furthering our understanding of the influence of Schistosoma spp. infection on human vaccine responses via controlled clinical studies and the use of animal models could inform strategies for vaccination in schistosomiasis-endemic areas.},
author = {Nono, Justin Komguep and Kamdem, Severin Donald and Musaigwa, Fungai and Nnaji, Chukwudi A and Brombacher, Frank},
doi = {10.1016/j.pt.2021.07.009},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/01462563/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Nono et al. - 2021 - Influence of schistosomiasis on host vaccine responses.pdf:pdf},
journal = {South Africa Trends in Parasitology},
keywords = {fund{\_}ack,review},
mendeley-tags = {fund{\_}ack,review},
title = {{Influence of schistosomiasis on host vaccine responses}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2021.07.009},
volume = {7925},
year = {2021}
}

{"_id":"RHxwXLmRKwfMSZ95K","bibbaseid":"nono-kamdem-musaigwa-nnaji-brombacher-influenceofschistosomiasisonhostvaccineresponses-2021","author_short":["Nono, J. K.","Kamdem, S. D.","Musaigwa, F.","Nnaji, C. A","Brombacher, F."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","abstract":"Schistosomiasis is a debilitating helminthiasis which commonly establishes as a chronic infection in people from endemic areas. As a potent modulator of the host immune response, the Schistosoma parasite and its associated products can directly interfere with its host's ability to mount adequate immune responses to unrelated antigens. As a result, increased attention is gathering on studies assessing the influence of helminths, particularly the causal agent of schistosomiasis, on host responsiveness to vaccines. However, to date, no consensus has been drawn regarding the influence of schistosomiasis on host vaccine responses. Here, we review available evidence on the influence of transgenerational and direct Schistosoma parasite exposure on host immune responses to unrelated vaccines. In addition, we evaluate the potential of praziquantel (PZQ) treatment in restoring schistosomiasis-impacted vaccine responses. Schistosomiasis-driven immunomodulation and its impact on unrelated vaccine responses Vaccination solicits robust host immune circuits to establish long-lasting protective immunity against pathogens (Figure 1). Despite effective vaccination programs which have remarkably decreased mortality from infectious diseases [1], an estimated 1-2 million children continue to die annually from vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) (see Glossary), making up nearly 17% of the global mortality of children below the age of 5 years [2]. Several studies have shown that children in developing countries are less responsive to vaccines than those from developed nations [3,4], with dire consequences for protective vaccine immunity [5-7]. It is estimated that up to 77 million children vaccinated for tuberculosis, 18 million for poliomyelitis, 19 million for measles, and 10 million for both pneumococcal disease and pertussis, are not protected against target infections [8]. Lowered vaccine responses in developing countries have been attributed to, among other factors, immunomodulatory helminthic parasites [9]. Of interest in this review is the Schistosoma spp. which cause schistosomiasis, a debilitating major neglected tropical disease (NTDs) that presently affects over 236.6 million people mostly in resource-limited settings such as sub-Saharan Africa i. To promote their survival in the host, Schistosoma spp. evade and suppress host immune responses by driving strong and skewed type 2 immune responses [10] or regulatory responses which inhibit the development of both type 1 and type 2 immunity (Figure 2) [11,12]. These immu-nomodulatory effects, driven by Schistosoma spp., can occur in hosts after either indirect exposure (at prenatal, perinatal levels) or direct exposure (postnatal level) to the parasite [13]. In animal studies, schistosomiasis has been associated with immunomodulation which may impair host immune responses against several vaccine preparations for diseases including malaria [14], my-cobacterial infection [15], and hepatitis B [16]. However, human reports remain controversial. Whereas some authors claim that schistosomiasis alters the human host responsiveness to Highlights Vaccines are the greatest weapon nowadays against infectious diseases as they have contributed to eradicate or significantly lower their burden. In developing countries, vaccinated persons display lower vaccine responsiveness in comparison to those from the developed world. Direct and transgenerational exposure to Schistosoma spp. may alter the immu-nological, microbial, metabolic, and physiological wiring of hosts and impact their ability to respond to vaccines; treatment with praziquantel might potentially reverse this effect. Discrepancies in human studies blur our understanding of the real influence of Schistosoma spp. infection on vaccine responses. Furthering our understanding of the influence of Schistosoma spp. infection on human vaccine responses via controlled clinical studies and the use of animal models could inform strategies for vaccination in schistosomiasis-endemic areas.","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Nono"],"firstnames":["Justin","Komguep"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Kamdem"],"firstnames":["Severin","Donald"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Musaigwa"],"firstnames":["Fungai"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Nnaji"],"firstnames":["Chukwudi","A"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Brombacher"],"firstnames":["Frank"],"suffixes":[]}],"doi":"10.1016/j.pt.2021.07.009","file":":C$\\$:/Users/01462563/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Nono et al. - 2021 - Influence of schistosomiasis on host vaccine responses.pdf:pdf","journal":"South Africa Trends in Parasitology","keywords":"fund_ack,review","mendeley-tags":"fund_ack,review","title":"Influence of schistosomiasis on host vaccine responses","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2021.07.009","volume":"7925","year":"2021","bibtex":"@article{Nono2021b,\r\nabstract = {Schistosomiasis is a debilitating helminthiasis which commonly establishes as a chronic infection in people from endemic areas. As a potent modulator of the host immune response, the Schistosoma parasite and its associated products can directly interfere with its host's ability to mount adequate immune responses to unrelated antigens. As a result, increased attention is gathering on studies assessing the influence of helminths, particularly the causal agent of schistosomiasis, on host responsiveness to vaccines. However, to date, no consensus has been drawn regarding the influence of schistosomiasis on host vaccine responses. Here, we review available evidence on the influence of transgenerational and direct Schistosoma parasite exposure on host immune responses to unrelated vaccines. In addition, we evaluate the potential of praziquantel (PZQ) treatment in restoring schistosomiasis-impacted vaccine responses. Schistosomiasis-driven immunomodulation and its impact on unrelated vaccine responses Vaccination solicits robust host immune circuits to establish long-lasting protective immunity against pathogens (Figure 1). Despite effective vaccination programs which have remarkably decreased mortality from infectious diseases [1], an estimated 1-2 million children continue to die annually from vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) (see Glossary), making up nearly 17{\\%} of the global mortality of children below the age of 5 years [2]. Several studies have shown that children in developing countries are less responsive to vaccines than those from developed nations [3,4], with dire consequences for protective vaccine immunity [5-7]. It is estimated that up to 77 million children vaccinated for tuberculosis, 18 million for poliomyelitis, 19 million for measles, and 10 million for both pneumococcal disease and pertussis, are not protected against target infections [8]. Lowered vaccine responses in developing countries have been attributed to, among other factors, immunomodulatory helminthic parasites [9]. Of interest in this review is the Schistosoma spp. which cause schistosomiasis, a debilitating major neglected tropical disease (NTDs) that presently affects over 236.6 million people mostly in resource-limited settings such as sub-Saharan Africa i. To promote their survival in the host, Schistosoma spp. evade and suppress host immune responses by driving strong and skewed type 2 immune responses [10] or regulatory responses which inhibit the development of both type 1 and type 2 immunity (Figure 2) [11,12]. These immu-nomodulatory effects, driven by Schistosoma spp., can occur in hosts after either indirect exposure (at prenatal, perinatal levels) or direct exposure (postnatal level) to the parasite [13]. In animal studies, schistosomiasis has been associated with immunomodulation which may impair host immune responses against several vaccine preparations for diseases including malaria [14], my-cobacterial infection [15], and hepatitis B [16]. However, human reports remain controversial. Whereas some authors claim that schistosomiasis alters the human host responsiveness to Highlights Vaccines are the greatest weapon nowadays against infectious diseases as they have contributed to eradicate or significantly lower their burden. In developing countries, vaccinated persons display lower vaccine responsiveness in comparison to those from the developed world. Direct and transgenerational exposure to Schistosoma spp. may alter the immu-nological, microbial, metabolic, and physiological wiring of hosts and impact their ability to respond to vaccines; treatment with praziquantel might potentially reverse this effect. Discrepancies in human studies blur our understanding of the real influence of Schistosoma spp. infection on vaccine responses. Furthering our understanding of the influence of Schistosoma spp. infection on human vaccine responses via controlled clinical studies and the use of animal models could inform strategies for vaccination in schistosomiasis-endemic areas.},\r\nauthor = {Nono, Justin Komguep and Kamdem, Severin Donald and Musaigwa, Fungai and Nnaji, Chukwudi A and Brombacher, Frank},\r\ndoi = {10.1016/j.pt.2021.07.009},\r\nfile = {:C$\\backslash$:/Users/01462563/AppData/Local/Mendeley Ltd./Mendeley Desktop/Downloaded/Nono et al. - 2021 - Influence of schistosomiasis on host vaccine responses.pdf:pdf},\r\njournal = {South Africa Trends in Parasitology},\r\nkeywords = {fund{\\_}ack,review},\r\nmendeley-tags = {fund{\\_}ack,review},\r\ntitle = {{Influence of schistosomiasis on host vaccine responses}},\r\nurl = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2021.07.009},\r\nvolume = {7925},\r\nyear = {2021}\r\n}\r\n","author_short":["Nono, J. K.","Kamdem, S. D.","Musaigwa, F.","Nnaji, C. A","Brombacher, F."],"key":"Nono2021b","id":"Nono2021b","bibbaseid":"nono-kamdem-musaigwa-nnaji-brombacher-influenceofschistosomiasisonhostvaccineresponses-2021","role":"author","urls":{"Paper":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2021.07.009"},"keyword":["fund_ack","review"],"metadata":{"authorlinks":{}}},"bibtype":"article","biburl":"https://drive.google.com/uc?export=download&id=1-JLqZ7RwZ3VC2d6ErLGHAtOeMRS_7GCz","dataSources":["Krmt6gt9ktB2s6ARh"],"keywords":["fund_ack","review"],"search_terms":["influence","schistosomiasis","host","vaccine","responses","nono","kamdem","musaigwa","nnaji","brombacher"],"title":"Influence of schistosomiasis on host vaccine responses","year":2021}