Characterization of canine superficial tumors using gray-scale B mode, color flow mapping, and spectral doppler ultrasonography--a multivariate study. Nyman, H., T., Kristensen, A., T., Lee, M., H., Martinussen, T., & McEvoy, F., J. Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association, 47(2):192-198, 2006.
abstract   bibtex   
Superficial tumors are not routinely evaluated by two- or three-dimensional diagnostic imaging methods as part of the staging of canine cancer patients, although superficial tumors are readily imaged by ultrasound. The objectives of this study were to characterize the ultrasonographic patterns of superficial tumors and to evaluate whether ultrasound can help discriminate between benign and malignant tumors in dogs. Superficial tumors (n=132) in 86 dogs were evaluated by B mode, color flow mapping, and spectral Doppler ultrasonography. Size, echogenicity, tumor border definition, invasiveness, acoustic transmission, presence and distribution of vascular flow to and within the tumor, as well as perfusion indices were measured. The tumors were classified as lipomas, benign tumors, atypical mammary tumors, and malignant tumors. Multivariate statistics using discriminant analysis was used to determine which parameters may be used to predict the status of the tumor. Tumor echogenicity, border shape, acoustic shadowing, total number of vessels to the tumor and the total flow amount are the parameters that in combination resulted in the lowest classification error (24%), meaning that on average three out of four tumors were correctly classified using these parameters. All the lipomas and atypical mammary tumors were classified correctly by ultrasonography. The results of this study show that ultrasonography has an important role in the evaluation of canine superficial tumors, particularly in the evaluation of tissue homogeneity and tumor vascularity.
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 title = {Characterization of canine superficial tumors using gray-scale B mode, color flow mapping, and spectral doppler ultrasonography--a multivariate study},
 type = {article},
 year = {2006},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 keywords = {Animals,Dog Diseases/pathology/physiopathology/ultrasonogr,Dogs,Female,Lipoma/blood supply/ultrasonography/veterinary,Male,Multivariate Analysis,Neoplasm Metastasis,Predictive Value of Tests,Pulsatile Flow,Regional Blood Flow,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't,Soft Tissue Neoplasms/blood supply/ultrasonography,Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color/veterinary},
 pages = {192-198},
 volume = {47},
 city = {Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. helena@dsr.kvl.dv},
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 abstract = {Superficial tumors are not routinely evaluated by two- or three-dimensional diagnostic imaging methods as part of the staging of canine cancer patients, although superficial tumors are readily imaged by ultrasound. The objectives of this study were to characterize the ultrasonographic patterns of superficial tumors and to evaluate whether ultrasound can help discriminate between benign and malignant tumors in dogs. Superficial tumors (n=132) in 86 dogs were evaluated by B mode, color flow mapping, and spectral Doppler ultrasonography. Size, echogenicity, tumor border definition, invasiveness, acoustic transmission, presence and distribution of vascular flow to and within the tumor, as well as perfusion indices were measured. The tumors were classified as lipomas, benign tumors, atypical mammary tumors, and malignant tumors. Multivariate statistics using discriminant analysis was used to determine which parameters may be used to predict the status of the tumor. Tumor echogenicity, border shape, acoustic shadowing, total number of vessels to the tumor and the total flow amount are the parameters that in combination resulted in the lowest classification error (24%), meaning that on average three out of four tumors were correctly classified using these parameters. All the lipomas and atypical mammary tumors were classified correctly by ultrasonography. The results of this study show that ultrasonography has an important role in the evaluation of canine superficial tumors, particularly in the evaluation of tissue homogeneity and tumor vascularity.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Nyman, H T and Kristensen, A T and Lee, M H and Martinussen, T and McEvoy, F J},
 journal = {Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association},
 number = {2}
}

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