@ARTICLE{Ogutu2005,
  author = {Ogutu, J.O. and Bhola, N. and Reid, R.},
  title = {The effects of pastoralism and protection on the density and distribution
	of carnivores and their prey in the Mara ecosystem of Kenya},
  journal = {Journal of Zoology},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {265},
  pages = {281--293},
  number = {3},
  abstract = {The overlap of large carnivores, livestock and people can engender
	conflicts that often threaten the future viability of carnivore populations
	in the pastoral systems of Africa. A playback survey of lions Panthera
	leo, spotted hyenas Crocuta crocuta and black-backed jackals Canis
	mesomelas and a transect count of wild herbivores was conducted in
	the Maasai Mara National Reserve and adjoining pastoral ranches to
	assess the effect of pastoralism and protection on the density and
	distribution of carnivores in June 2003. Reliability of the prey
	counts depended on an assumption of similar observability between
	the protected and pastoral areas, which we assessed using distance
	sampling in November 2003 and computer simulations and determined
	to be similar. Estimates of wild prey biomass density was 2.6 times
	higher in the ranches (14212 kg/km2) than in the reserve (5472 kg/km2)
	during this wet season count. Apparent hyena density estimates were
	1.3 times higher in the ranches (0.561 hyenas/km2) than in the reserve
	(0.404 hyenas/km 2), in correspondence with the regional pattern
	of prey density. This distribution of hyenas is biased towards the
	reserve, if it is dependent on prey density. Estimates of apparent
	jackal density were similar in both areas whereas lion density was
	anomalously 8.0 times lower in the ranches (0.046 lions/km2) than
	in the reserve (0.369 lions/km2). Lion and hyena densities and prey
	biomass did not differ between June 1991 (5172.273 kg/km2) and June
	2003 (5472 kg/km2) in the reserve, but jackal density increased in
	the same period. Lions never responded to playbacks in the ranches,
	so the potential shift in lion behavioural response for different
	land use zones is another potential explanation for the patterns
	found here. We think a real shift in lion populations is a better
	explanation than a behavioural change in relation to playbacks based
	on additional data from independent systematic and intensive censuses
	and playback surveys conducted in the ranches. Lion populations in
	the pastoral ranches seemed headed for extinction, probably owing
	to conflicts with pastoralism, necessitating urgent conservation
	interventions that integrate pastoral economic welfare with large
	carnivore conservation goals to foster long-term viability of lion
	populations in the pastoral systems. © 2005 The Zoological Society
	of London.},
  address = {World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), E. African Regional Programme Office,
	ACS Plaza, c/o Ngong Racecourse Ngong Road, Nairobi, Kenya},
  keywords = {Canis mesomelas, Crocuta crocuta, Land use, Panthera leo, Predation,
	Prey},
  owner = {eric},
  subdatabase = {distance},
  timestamp = {2006.11.05}
}

{"_id":"sfEqagAYBxuyGJiGC","bibbaseid":"ogutu-bhola-reid-theeffectsofpastoralismandprotectiononthedensityanddistributionofcarnivoresandtheirpreyinthemaraecosystemofkenya-2005","authorIDs":[],"author_short":["Ogutu, J.","Bhola, N.","Reid, R."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Ogutu"],"firstnames":["J.O."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Bhola"],"firstnames":["N."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Reid"],"firstnames":["R."],"suffixes":[]}],"title":"The effects of pastoralism and protection on the density and distribution of carnivores and their prey in the Mara ecosystem of Kenya","journal":"Journal of Zoology","year":"2005","volume":"265","pages":"281–293","number":"3","abstract":"The overlap of large carnivores, livestock and people can engender conflicts that often threaten the future viability of carnivore populations in the pastoral systems of Africa. A playback survey of lions Panthera leo, spotted hyenas Crocuta crocuta and black-backed jackals Canis mesomelas and a transect count of wild herbivores was conducted in the Maasai Mara National Reserve and adjoining pastoral ranches to assess the effect of pastoralism and protection on the density and distribution of carnivores in June 2003. Reliability of the prey counts depended on an assumption of similar observability between the protected and pastoral areas, which we assessed using distance sampling in November 2003 and computer simulations and determined to be similar. Estimates of wild prey biomass density was 2.6 times higher in the ranches (14212 kg/km2) than in the reserve (5472 kg/km2) during this wet season count. Apparent hyena density estimates were 1.3 times higher in the ranches (0.561 hyenas/km2) than in the reserve (0.404 hyenas/km 2), in correspondence with the regional pattern of prey density. This distribution of hyenas is biased towards the reserve, if it is dependent on prey density. Estimates of apparent jackal density were similar in both areas whereas lion density was anomalously 8.0 times lower in the ranches (0.046 lions/km2) than in the reserve (0.369 lions/km2). Lion and hyena densities and prey biomass did not differ between June 1991 (5172.273 kg/km2) and June 2003 (5472 kg/km2) in the reserve, but jackal density increased in the same period. Lions never responded to playbacks in the ranches, so the potential shift in lion behavioural response for different land use zones is another potential explanation for the patterns found here. We think a real shift in lion populations is a better explanation than a behavioural change in relation to playbacks based on additional data from independent systematic and intensive censuses and playback surveys conducted in the ranches. Lion populations in the pastoral ranches seemed headed for extinction, probably owing to conflicts with pastoralism, necessitating urgent conservation interventions that integrate pastoral economic welfare with large carnivore conservation goals to foster long-term viability of lion populations in the pastoral systems. © 2005 The Zoological Society of London.","address":"World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), E. African Regional Programme Office, ACS Plaza, c/o Ngong Racecourse Ngong Road, Nairobi, Kenya","keywords":"Canis mesomelas, Crocuta crocuta, Land use, Panthera leo, Predation, Prey","owner":"eric","subdatabase":"distance","timestamp":"2006.11.05","bibtex":"@ARTICLE{Ogutu2005,\r\n author = {Ogutu, J.O. and Bhola, N. and Reid, R.},\r\n title = {The effects of pastoralism and protection on the density and distribution\r\n\tof carnivores and their prey in the Mara ecosystem of Kenya},\r\n journal = {Journal of Zoology},\r\n year = {2005},\r\n volume = {265},\r\n pages = {281--293},\r\n number = {3},\r\n abstract = {The overlap of large carnivores, livestock and people can engender\r\n\tconflicts that often threaten the future viability of carnivore populations\r\n\tin the pastoral systems of Africa. A playback survey of lions Panthera\r\n\tleo, spotted hyenas Crocuta crocuta and black-backed jackals Canis\r\n\tmesomelas and a transect count of wild herbivores was conducted in\r\n\tthe Maasai Mara National Reserve and adjoining pastoral ranches to\r\n\tassess the effect of pastoralism and protection on the density and\r\n\tdistribution of carnivores in June 2003. Reliability of the prey\r\n\tcounts depended on an assumption of similar observability between\r\n\tthe protected and pastoral areas, which we assessed using distance\r\n\tsampling in November 2003 and computer simulations and determined\r\n\tto be similar. Estimates of wild prey biomass density was 2.6 times\r\n\thigher in the ranches (14212 kg/km2) than in the reserve (5472 kg/km2)\r\n\tduring this wet season count. Apparent hyena density estimates were\r\n\t1.3 times higher in the ranches (0.561 hyenas/km2) than in the reserve\r\n\t(0.404 hyenas/km 2), in correspondence with the regional pattern\r\n\tof prey density. This distribution of hyenas is biased towards the\r\n\treserve, if it is dependent on prey density. Estimates of apparent\r\n\tjackal density were similar in both areas whereas lion density was\r\n\tanomalously 8.0 times lower in the ranches (0.046 lions/km2) than\r\n\tin the reserve (0.369 lions/km2). Lion and hyena densities and prey\r\n\tbiomass did not differ between June 1991 (5172.273 kg/km2) and June\r\n\t2003 (5472 kg/km2) in the reserve, but jackal density increased in\r\n\tthe same period. Lions never responded to playbacks in the ranches,\r\n\tso the potential shift in lion behavioural response for different\r\n\tland use zones is another potential explanation for the patterns\r\n\tfound here. We think a real shift in lion populations is a better\r\n\texplanation than a behavioural change in relation to playbacks based\r\n\ton additional data from independent systematic and intensive censuses\r\n\tand playback surveys conducted in the ranches. Lion populations in\r\n\tthe pastoral ranches seemed headed for extinction, probably owing\r\n\tto conflicts with pastoralism, necessitating urgent conservation\r\n\tinterventions that integrate pastoral economic welfare with large\r\n\tcarnivore conservation goals to foster long-term viability of lion\r\n\tpopulations in the pastoral systems. © 2005 The Zoological Society\r\n\tof London.},\r\n address = {World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), E. African Regional Programme Office,\r\n\tACS Plaza, c/o Ngong Racecourse Ngong Road, Nairobi, Kenya},\r\n keywords = {Canis mesomelas, Crocuta crocuta, Land use, Panthera leo, Predation,\r\n\tPrey},\r\n owner = {eric},\r\n subdatabase = {distance},\r\n timestamp = {2006.11.05}\r\n}\r\n\r\n","author_short":["Ogutu, J.","Bhola, N.","Reid, R."],"key":"Ogutu2005","id":"Ogutu2005","bibbaseid":"ogutu-bhola-reid-theeffectsofpastoralismandprotectiononthedensityanddistributionofcarnivoresandtheirpreyinthemaraecosystemofkenya-2005","role":"author","urls":{},"keyword":["Canis mesomelas","Crocuta crocuta","Land use","Panthera leo","Predation","Prey"],"downloads":0,"html":""},"bibtype":"article","biburl":"http://distancelive.xyz/MainBibFile.bib","creationDate":"2020-06-16T14:23:36.340Z","downloads":0,"keywords":["canis mesomelas","crocuta crocuta","land use","panthera leo","predation","prey"],"search_terms":["effects","pastoralism","protection","density","distribution","carnivores","prey","mara","ecosystem","kenya","ogutu","bhola","reid"],"title":"The effects of pastoralism and protection on the density and distribution of carnivores and their prey in the Mara ecosystem of Kenya","year":2005,"dataSources":["RjvoQBP8rG4o3b4Wi"]}