Multiaged Forest Stands for Protection Forests: Concepts and Applications. O'Hara, K. L. 80(1):45–55. ![Multiaged Forest Stands for Protection Forests: Concepts and Applications [link]](https://bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg "link")
Paper abstract bibtex Multiaged stands have two or more age classes that are the result of partial natural and anthropogenic disturbances that do not destroy all trees in a stand. Multiaged stands represent a more static structure than comparable even-aged stands because they fluctuate in a narrower range of variability in stand structure over time. For protection forests, potential benefits of multiaged stands are their resistance and resilience to disturbances. Resistance comes from the capacity to withstand or avoid disturbance effects. A variety of tree sizes might be desired for resistance depending on the specific protective function. Multiaged stands provide a range of tree sizes as well as developing trees to replace trees lost to disturbances. Resilience is the capacity to maintain or regain normal function after disturbance. Resilience may be higher in multiaged stands because of a smaller range of variation in structure over time that imparts a greater ability to quickly return to a pre-disturbance state. In the case of protection forests, the challenge is to establish and maintain a series of age classes of trees that maximize the resistance or resilience of the stand. [Excerpt: Stands] WILFORD et al. (2005) characterized hydrogeomorphic disturbances as ranging from lowpower events with limited stand damage to high-power events that might completely remove all trees. Stands provide resistance to these disturbances through the presence and arrangement of individual trees or obstacles and resilience through the potential to replace these trees. Because stands are dynamic, levels of resistance and resilience vary over time. The resistance to many hydrogeomorphic processes is dependent upon having large trees present. For example, debris flows and rock falls may be slowed and their extent of damage or run can be reduced. Other structures - including the presence of small trees or LWD - may provide resistance to other disturbances. For many hydrogeomorphic disturbances, the mere presence of trees and down wood debris provides some resistance to flow of water and debris. Resilience may be provided by having advance regeneration that survives a disturbance to form replacement trees or by having trees that can survive a disturbance such as sediment deposition. [\n] [...] [\n] Multiaged stands provide resistance continuously but at a level lower than the maximum of the even-aged stand (Fig. 3). Multiaged stand structures fluctuate within a narrow range from the beginning to end of a cutting cycle. Some protective function is therefore always provided. [\n] [...] [\n] The periodic development of new age classes of trees in multiaged stands provides the resilience to replace larger trees. The effect of any disturbance - whether hydrogeomorphic or otherwise - that destroys larger trees would be relatively short-lived because younger trees would immediately benefit from the available growing space. However, if a multiaged stand was completely destroyed, it would not have greater resilience to disturbance than an even-aged stand. Greater resilience is only an advantage for multiaged stands when disturbances do not kill all trees. [\n] [...] [Implications] The optimal stand structure for protection forests will vary with the disturbance agent and the severity or power (e.g.WILFORD et al. 2005) of that disturbance. LWD [large woody debris] may be critical for protection from sediment movement and deposition. Small trees may provide greater protection to snow avalanches while large trees may be most effective with debris avalanches (BRANG 2001). Protection forests consisting of multiaged stand structures will therefore be highly variable. With variations in forest type and site productivity, the organization of management operations will also be highly variable. [\n] [...] [Conclusions] Multiaged stands have potential to provide protective functions in many different forest types against a variety of hydrogeomorphic disturbance agents.Whereas this potential may provide advantages for multiaged stands in many situations, the structure of these stands will be highly variable and some situations will exist where even-aged stands are most suitable. The resistance of protection forests to other disturbances will also determine the efficacy of these forests beyond providing only their protective function. Management of these multiaged stands can vary the allocation of growing space to stand components, by varying species composition or by varying the length of the cutting cycle to modify stand structures to meeting specific goals. Desirable stand structures may include a preponderance of large or small trees, certain species, or spatial patterns.The design and management of protection forests may also range from the intensive care and modification of structures to structures than require only monitoring over time.
@article{oharaMultiagedForestStands2006,
title = {Multiaged Forest Stands for Protection Forests: {{Concepts}} and Applications},
author = {O'Hara, K. L.},
date = {2006},
journaltitle = {Forest Snow and Landscape Research},
volume = {80},
pages = {45--55},
issn = {1424-5108},
url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/13908937},
abstract = {Multiaged stands have two or more age classes that are the result of partial natural and anthropogenic disturbances that do not destroy all trees in a stand. Multiaged stands represent a more static structure than comparable even-aged stands because they fluctuate in a narrower range of variability in stand structure over time. For protection forests, potential benefits of multiaged stands are their resistance and resilience to disturbances. Resistance comes from the capacity to withstand or avoid disturbance effects. A variety of tree sizes might be desired for resistance depending on the specific protective function. Multiaged stands provide a range of tree sizes as well as developing trees to replace trees lost to disturbances. Resilience is the capacity to maintain or regain normal function after disturbance. Resilience may be higher in multiaged stands because of a smaller range of variation in structure over time that imparts a greater ability to quickly return to a pre-disturbance state. In the case of protection forests, the challenge is to establish and maintain a series of age classes of trees that maximize the resistance or resilience of the stand.
[Excerpt: Stands] WILFORD et al. (2005) characterized hydrogeomorphic disturbances as ranging from lowpower events with limited stand damage to high-power events that might completely remove all trees. Stands provide resistance to these disturbances through the presence and arrangement of individual trees or obstacles and resilience through the potential to replace these trees. Because stands are dynamic, levels of resistance and resilience vary over time. The resistance to many hydrogeomorphic processes is dependent upon having large trees present. For example, debris flows and rock falls may be slowed and their extent of damage or run can be reduced. Other structures - including the presence of small trees or LWD - may provide resistance to other disturbances. For many hydrogeomorphic disturbances, the mere presence of trees and down wood debris provides some resistance to flow of water and debris. Resilience may be provided by having advance regeneration that survives a disturbance to form replacement trees or by having trees that can survive a disturbance such as sediment deposition.
[\textbackslash n] [...]
[\textbackslash n] Multiaged stands provide resistance continuously but at a level lower than the maximum of the even-aged stand (Fig. 3). Multiaged stand structures fluctuate within a narrow range from the beginning to end of a cutting cycle. Some protective function is therefore always provided.
[\textbackslash n] [...]
[\textbackslash n] The periodic development of new age classes of trees in multiaged stands provides the resilience to replace larger trees. The effect of any disturbance - whether hydrogeomorphic or otherwise - that destroys larger trees would be relatively short-lived because younger trees would immediately benefit from the available growing space. However, if a multiaged stand was completely destroyed, it would not have greater resilience to disturbance than an even-aged stand. Greater resilience is only an advantage for multiaged stands when disturbances do not kill all trees.
[\textbackslash n] [...]
[Implications] The optimal stand structure for protection forests will vary with the disturbance agent and the severity or power (e.g.WILFORD et al. 2005) of that disturbance. LWD [large woody debris] may be critical for protection from sediment movement and deposition. Small trees may provide greater protection to snow avalanches while large trees may be most effective with debris avalanches (BRANG 2001). Protection forests consisting of multiaged stand structures will therefore be highly variable. With variations in forest type and site productivity, the organization of management operations will also be highly variable.
[\textbackslash n] [...]
[Conclusions]
Multiaged stands have potential to provide protective functions in many different forest types against a variety of hydrogeomorphic disturbance agents.Whereas this potential may provide advantages for multiaged stands in many situations, the structure of these stands will be highly variable and some situations will exist where even-aged stands are most suitable. The resistance of protection forests to other disturbances will also determine the efficacy of these forests beyond providing only their protective function. Management of these multiaged stands can vary the allocation of growing space to stand components, by varying species composition or by varying the length of the cutting cycle to modify stand structures to meeting specific goals. Desirable stand structures may include a preponderance of large or small trees, certain species, or spatial patterns.The design and management of protection forests may also range from the intensive care and modification of structures to structures than require only monitoring over time.},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13908937,debris-floods,debris-flows,even-aged-forests,forest-resources,geomorphology,hydrology,natural-hazards,rockfalls,snow-avalances,soil-resources,uneven-aged-forests},
number = {1}
}
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{"_id":"2RmfTLc2BXMGpiAaT","bibbaseid":"ohara-multiagedforeststandsforprotectionforestsconceptsandapplications","authorIDs":[],"author_short":["O'Hara, K. L."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","title":"Multiaged Forest Stands for Protection Forests: Concepts and Applications","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["O'Hara"],"firstnames":["K.","L."],"suffixes":[]}],"date":"2006","journaltitle":"Forest Snow and Landscape Research","volume":"80","pages":"45–55","issn":"1424-5108","url":"http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/13908937","abstract":"Multiaged stands have two or more age classes that are the result of partial natural and anthropogenic disturbances that do not destroy all trees in a stand. Multiaged stands represent a more static structure than comparable even-aged stands because they fluctuate in a narrower range of variability in stand structure over time. For protection forests, potential benefits of multiaged stands are their resistance and resilience to disturbances. Resistance comes from the capacity to withstand or avoid disturbance effects. A variety of tree sizes might be desired for resistance depending on the specific protective function. Multiaged stands provide a range of tree sizes as well as developing trees to replace trees lost to disturbances. Resilience is the capacity to maintain or regain normal function after disturbance. Resilience may be higher in multiaged stands because of a smaller range of variation in structure over time that imparts a greater ability to quickly return to a pre-disturbance state. In the case of protection forests, the challenge is to establish and maintain a series of age classes of trees that maximize the resistance or resilience of the stand. [Excerpt: Stands] WILFORD et al. (2005) characterized hydrogeomorphic disturbances as ranging from lowpower events with limited stand damage to high-power events that might completely remove all trees. Stands provide resistance to these disturbances through the presence and arrangement of individual trees or obstacles and resilience through the potential to replace these trees. Because stands are dynamic, levels of resistance and resilience vary over time. The resistance to many hydrogeomorphic processes is dependent upon having large trees present. For example, debris flows and rock falls may be slowed and their extent of damage or run can be reduced. Other structures - including the presence of small trees or LWD - may provide resistance to other disturbances. For many hydrogeomorphic disturbances, the mere presence of trees and down wood debris provides some resistance to flow of water and debris. Resilience may be provided by having advance regeneration that survives a disturbance to form replacement trees or by having trees that can survive a disturbance such as sediment deposition. [\\n] [...] [\\n] Multiaged stands provide resistance continuously but at a level lower than the maximum of the even-aged stand (Fig. 3). Multiaged stand structures fluctuate within a narrow range from the beginning to end of a cutting cycle. Some protective function is therefore always provided. [\\n] [...] [\\n] The periodic development of new age classes of trees in multiaged stands provides the resilience to replace larger trees. The effect of any disturbance - whether hydrogeomorphic or otherwise - that destroys larger trees would be relatively short-lived because younger trees would immediately benefit from the available growing space. However, if a multiaged stand was completely destroyed, it would not have greater resilience to disturbance than an even-aged stand. Greater resilience is only an advantage for multiaged stands when disturbances do not kill all trees. [\\n] [...] [Implications] The optimal stand structure for protection forests will vary with the disturbance agent and the severity or power (e.g.WILFORD et al. 2005) of that disturbance. LWD [large woody debris] may be critical for protection from sediment movement and deposition. Small trees may provide greater protection to snow avalanches while large trees may be most effective with debris avalanches (BRANG 2001). Protection forests consisting of multiaged stand structures will therefore be highly variable. With variations in forest type and site productivity, the organization of management operations will also be highly variable. [\\n] [...] [Conclusions] Multiaged stands have potential to provide protective functions in many different forest types against a variety of hydrogeomorphic disturbance agents.Whereas this potential may provide advantages for multiaged stands in many situations, the structure of these stands will be highly variable and some situations will exist where even-aged stands are most suitable. The resistance of protection forests to other disturbances will also determine the efficacy of these forests beyond providing only their protective function. Management of these multiaged stands can vary the allocation of growing space to stand components, by varying species composition or by varying the length of the cutting cycle to modify stand structures to meeting specific goals. Desirable stand structures may include a preponderance of large or small trees, certain species, or spatial patterns.The design and management of protection forests may also range from the intensive care and modification of structures to structures than require only monitoring over time.","keywords":"*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13908937,debris-floods,debris-flows,even-aged-forests,forest-resources,geomorphology,hydrology,natural-hazards,rockfalls,snow-avalances,soil-resources,uneven-aged-forests","number":"1","bibtex":"@article{oharaMultiagedForestStands2006,\n title = {Multiaged Forest Stands for Protection Forests: {{Concepts}} and Applications},\n author = {O'Hara, K. L.},\n date = {2006},\n journaltitle = {Forest Snow and Landscape Research},\n volume = {80},\n pages = {45--55},\n issn = {1424-5108},\n url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/13908937},\n abstract = {Multiaged stands have two or more age classes that are the result of partial natural and anthropogenic disturbances that do not destroy all trees in a stand. Multiaged stands represent a more static structure than comparable even-aged stands because they fluctuate in a narrower range of variability in stand structure over time. For protection forests, potential benefits of multiaged stands are their resistance and resilience to disturbances. Resistance comes from the capacity to withstand or avoid disturbance effects. A variety of tree sizes might be desired for resistance depending on the specific protective function. Multiaged stands provide a range of tree sizes as well as developing trees to replace trees lost to disturbances. Resilience is the capacity to maintain or regain normal function after disturbance. Resilience may be higher in multiaged stands because of a smaller range of variation in structure over time that imparts a greater ability to quickly return to a pre-disturbance state. In the case of protection forests, the challenge is to establish and maintain a series of age classes of trees that maximize the resistance or resilience of the stand.\n\n[Excerpt: Stands] WILFORD et al. (2005) characterized hydrogeomorphic disturbances as ranging from lowpower events with limited stand damage to high-power events that might completely remove all trees. Stands provide resistance to these disturbances through the presence and arrangement of individual trees or obstacles and resilience through the potential to replace these trees. Because stands are dynamic, levels of resistance and resilience vary over time. The resistance to many hydrogeomorphic processes is dependent upon having large trees present. For example, debris flows and rock falls may be slowed and their extent of damage or run can be reduced. Other structures - including the presence of small trees or LWD - may provide resistance to other disturbances. For many hydrogeomorphic disturbances, the mere presence of trees and down wood debris provides some resistance to flow of water and debris. Resilience may be provided by having advance regeneration that survives a disturbance to form replacement trees or by having trees that can survive a disturbance such as sediment deposition.\n\n[\\textbackslash n] [...]\n\n[\\textbackslash n] Multiaged stands provide resistance continuously but at a level lower than the maximum of the even-aged stand (Fig. 3). Multiaged stand structures fluctuate within a narrow range from the beginning to end of a cutting cycle. Some protective function is therefore always provided.\n\n[\\textbackslash n] [...]\n\n[\\textbackslash n] The periodic development of new age classes of trees in multiaged stands provides the resilience to replace larger trees. The effect of any disturbance - whether hydrogeomorphic or otherwise - that destroys larger trees would be relatively short-lived because younger trees would immediately benefit from the available growing space. However, if a multiaged stand was completely destroyed, it would not have greater resilience to disturbance than an even-aged stand. Greater resilience is only an advantage for multiaged stands when disturbances do not kill all trees.\n\n[\\textbackslash n] [...]\n\n[Implications] The optimal stand structure for protection forests will vary with the disturbance agent and the severity or power (e.g.WILFORD et al. 2005) of that disturbance. LWD [large woody debris] may be critical for protection from sediment movement and deposition. Small trees may provide greater protection to snow avalanches while large trees may be most effective with debris avalanches (BRANG 2001). Protection forests consisting of multiaged stand structures will therefore be highly variable. With variations in forest type and site productivity, the organization of management operations will also be highly variable.\n\n[\\textbackslash n] [...]\n\n[Conclusions] \n\nMultiaged stands have potential to provide protective functions in many different forest types against a variety of hydrogeomorphic disturbance agents.Whereas this potential may provide advantages for multiaged stands in many situations, the structure of these stands will be highly variable and some situations will exist where even-aged stands are most suitable. The resistance of protection forests to other disturbances will also determine the efficacy of these forests beyond providing only their protective function. 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