@article{otoole_measuring_1999,
	title = {Measuring and developing suturing technique with a virtual reality surgical simulator},
	volume = {189},
	issn = {1072-7515},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND

We have developed an interactive virtual reality (VR) surgical simulator for the training and assessment of suturing technique. The surgical simulator is comprised of surgical tools with force feedback, a 3-dimensional graphics visual display of the simulated surgical field, physics-based computer simulations of the tissues and tools, and software to measure and evaluate the trainee's performance.


STUDY DESIGN

This study uses the simulator to measure and compare the skills of 8 experienced vascular surgeons versus 12 medical students when performing a virtual reality suturing task. Eight parameters of the suturing task were measured: total tissue damage, accuracy of needle puncture, peak tissue tearing force, time to complete the task, damage to the surface of the tissue, angular error in needle technique, total distance traveled by the tool tip, and a measure of overall error. Three test conditions (dominant hand, nondominant hand, and 3-dimensional needle guide) were tested. Statistical significance was defined as a univariate two-sided p value {\textless} or = 0.05.


RESULTS

The surgeons' average performance was significantly better than the students' average performance for three of the measured parameters (total tissue damage, time to complete the task, and total distance traveled by the tool tip) for each of the test conditions. For the test condition most similar to surgery (using the dominant hand to suture) one additional parameter was also significantly different (the measure of overall error). The medical students showed improvements for 6 of the 7 parameters for which the users received feedback during the training process. The surgeons also had significant improvement for 4 of the 7 parameters. The students had a larger improvement than the surgeons for 6 of the parameters, but these differences were not statistically significant.


CONCLUSIONS

Data indicate differences between surgeon and nonsurgeon performance and in improvement in performance with training. One possible explanation for the superior performance of the surgeons is that their suturing skills applied well to the simulated suturing task. Additional research is required to confirm or deny the similarity between actual and simulated surgical tasks and the relevance of virtual reality surgical simulation to surgical skill assessment and training.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Journal of the American College of Surgeons},
	author = {O'Toole, R V and Playter, R R and Krummel, T M and Blank, W C and Cornelius, N H and Roberts, W R and Bell, W J and Raibert, M},
	month = jul,
	year = {1999},
	pmid = {10401747},
	keywords = {Computer Simulation, Computer-Assisted Instruction, Educational Measurement, General Surgery, Humans, Models, Educational, Suture Techniques, User-Computer Interface, Vascular Surgical Procedures},
	pages = {114--127}
}

{"_id":"2RL6Q5i8wwSWXKjdB","bibbaseid":"otoole-playter-krummel-blank-cornelius-roberts-bell-raibert-measuringanddevelopingsuturingtechniquewithavirtualrealitysurgicalsimulator-1999","downloads":0,"creationDate":"2017-03-07T13:13:11.292Z","title":"Measuring and developing suturing technique with a virtual reality surgical simulator","author_short":["O'Toole, R V","Playter, R R","Krummel, T M","Blank, W C","Cornelius, N H","Roberts, W R","Bell, W J","Raibert, M"],"year":1999,"bibtype":"article","biburl":"http://bibbase.org/zotero/remi.wolf","bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","title":"Measuring and developing suturing technique with a virtual reality surgical simulator","volume":"189","issn":"1072-7515","abstract":"BACKGROUND We have developed an interactive virtual reality (VR) surgical simulator for the training and assessment of suturing technique. The surgical simulator is comprised of surgical tools with force feedback, a 3-dimensional graphics visual display of the simulated surgical field, physics-based computer simulations of the tissues and tools, and software to measure and evaluate the trainee's performance. STUDY DESIGN This study uses the simulator to measure and compare the skills of 8 experienced vascular surgeons versus 12 medical students when performing a virtual reality suturing task. Eight parameters of the suturing task were measured: total tissue damage, accuracy of needle puncture, peak tissue tearing force, time to complete the task, damage to the surface of the tissue, angular error in needle technique, total distance traveled by the tool tip, and a measure of overall error. Three test conditions (dominant hand, nondominant hand, and 3-dimensional needle guide) were tested. Statistical significance was defined as a univariate two-sided p value \\textless or = 0.05. RESULTS The surgeons' average performance was significantly better than the students' average performance for three of the measured parameters (total tissue damage, time to complete the task, and total distance traveled by the tool tip) for each of the test conditions. For the test condition most similar to surgery (using the dominant hand to suture) one additional parameter was also significantly different (the measure of overall error). The medical students showed improvements for 6 of the 7 parameters for which the users received feedback during the training process. The surgeons also had significant improvement for 4 of the 7 parameters. The students had a larger improvement than the surgeons for 6 of the parameters, but these differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Data indicate differences between surgeon and nonsurgeon performance and in improvement in performance with training. One possible explanation for the superior performance of the surgeons is that their suturing skills applied well to the simulated suturing task. Additional research is required to confirm or deny the similarity between actual and simulated surgical tasks and the relevance of virtual reality surgical simulation to surgical skill assessment and training.","number":"1","journal":"Journal of the American College of Surgeons","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["O'Toole"],"firstnames":["R","V"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Playter"],"firstnames":["R","R"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Krummel"],"firstnames":["T","M"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Blank"],"firstnames":["W","C"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Cornelius"],"firstnames":["N","H"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Roberts"],"firstnames":["W","R"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Bell"],"firstnames":["W","J"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Raibert"],"firstnames":["M"],"suffixes":[]}],"month":"July","year":"1999","pmid":"10401747","keywords":"Computer Simulation, Computer-Assisted Instruction, Educational Measurement, General Surgery, Humans, Models, Educational, Suture Techniques, User-Computer Interface, Vascular Surgical Procedures","pages":"114--127","bibtex":"@article{otoole_measuring_1999,\n\ttitle = {Measuring and developing suturing technique with a virtual reality surgical simulator},\n\tvolume = {189},\n\tissn = {1072-7515},\n\tabstract = {BACKGROUND\n\nWe have developed an interactive virtual reality (VR) surgical simulator for the training and assessment of suturing technique. The surgical simulator is comprised of surgical tools with force feedback, a 3-dimensional graphics visual display of the simulated surgical field, physics-based computer simulations of the tissues and tools, and software to measure and evaluate the trainee's performance.\n\n\nSTUDY DESIGN\n\nThis study uses the simulator to measure and compare the skills of 8 experienced vascular surgeons versus 12 medical students when performing a virtual reality suturing task. Eight parameters of the suturing task were measured: total tissue damage, accuracy of needle puncture, peak tissue tearing force, time to complete the task, damage to the surface of the tissue, angular error in needle technique, total distance traveled by the tool tip, and a measure of overall error. Three test conditions (dominant hand, nondominant hand, and 3-dimensional needle guide) were tested. Statistical significance was defined as a univariate two-sided p value {\\textless} or = 0.05.\n\n\nRESULTS\n\nThe surgeons' average performance was significantly better than the students' average performance for three of the measured parameters (total tissue damage, time to complete the task, and total distance traveled by the tool tip) for each of the test conditions. For the test condition most similar to surgery (using the dominant hand to suture) one additional parameter was also significantly different (the measure of overall error). The medical students showed improvements for 6 of the 7 parameters for which the users received feedback during the training process. The surgeons also had significant improvement for 4 of the 7 parameters. The students had a larger improvement than the surgeons for 6 of the parameters, but these differences were not statistically significant.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\n\nData indicate differences between surgeon and nonsurgeon performance and in improvement in performance with training. One possible explanation for the superior performance of the surgeons is that their suturing skills applied well to the simulated suturing task. Additional research is required to confirm or deny the similarity between actual and simulated surgical tasks and the relevance of virtual reality surgical simulation to surgical skill assessment and training.},\n\tnumber = {1},\n\tjournal = {Journal of the American College of Surgeons},\n\tauthor = {O'Toole, R V and Playter, R R and Krummel, T M and Blank, W C and Cornelius, N H and Roberts, W R and Bell, W J and Raibert, M},\n\tmonth = jul,\n\tyear = {1999},\n\tpmid = {10401747},\n\tkeywords = {Computer Simulation, Computer-Assisted Instruction, Educational Measurement, General Surgery, Humans, Models, Educational, Suture Techniques, User-Computer Interface, Vascular Surgical Procedures},\n\tpages = {114--127}\n}\n\n","author_short":["O'Toole, R V","Playter, R R","Krummel, T M","Blank, W C","Cornelius, N H","Roberts, W R","Bell, W J","Raibert, M"],"key":"otoole_measuring_1999","id":"otoole_measuring_1999","bibbaseid":"otoole-playter-krummel-blank-cornelius-roberts-bell-raibert-measuringanddevelopingsuturingtechniquewithavirtualrealitysurgicalsimulator-1999","role":"author","urls":{},"keyword":["Computer Simulation","Computer-Assisted Instruction","Educational Measurement","General Surgery","Humans","Models","Educational","Suture Techniques","User-Computer Interface","Vascular Surgical Procedures"],"downloads":0},"search_terms":["measuring","developing","suturing","technique","virtual","reality","surgical","simulator","o'toole","playter","krummel","blank","cornelius","roberts","bell","raibert"],"keywords":["computer simulation","computer-assisted instruction","educational measurement","general surgery","humans","models","educational","suture techniques","user-computer interface","vascular surgical procedures"],"authorIDs":[],"dataSources":["AvgwXzHNvzrPfaxbA"]}