The Structure, Distribution, and Biomass of the World's Forests. Pan, Y., Birdsey, R. A., Phillips, O. L., & Jackson, R. B. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 44(1):593–622, 2013. doi abstract bibtex Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem on Earth. We review the environmental factors controlling their structure and global distribution and evaluate their current and future trajectory. Adaptations of trees to climate and resource gradients, coupled with disturbances and forest dynamics, create complex geographical patterns in forest assemblages and structures. These patterns are increasingly discernible through new satellite and airborne observation systems, improved forest inventories, and global ecosystem models. Forest biomass is a complex property affected by forest distribution, structure, and ecological processes. Since at least 1990, biomass density has consistently increased in global established forests, despite increasing mortality in some regions, suggesting that a global driver such as elevated CO2 may be enhancing biomass gains. Global forests have also apparently become more dynamic. Advanced information about the structure, distribution, and biomass of the world's forests provides critical ecological insights and opportunities for sustainable forest management and enhancing forest conservation and ecosystem services. [Excerpt: Summary Points] [::1] Climate is the primary determinant of forest distribution at global and continental scales, but at the scales of landscapes and stands, it is topography, soil, species interactions, and disturbance that define additional complexity in forest assemblages and structures. [::2] Advanced remote-sensing technologies have revealed great discrepancies between actual forests and their potential distributions, particularly in temperate zones, reflecting the extent of anthropogenic alteration of forest landscapes and human biomass use. [::3] Relationships among forest productivity, biomass, and tree mortality vary and are scale dependent, given that different mechanisms or environmental factors dominate at different scales. [::4] Relative to the preagricultural era, only approximately half of the Earth's live terrestrial biomass remains, much of it concentrated in the tropical lowlands. Global deforestation and forest degradation have been extensive, causing the loss of biomass and increased carbon emissions. [::5] Over the past two decades, established forests around the world have shown consistent increases in biomass density and in total carbon density, despite increased mortality in some regions. This trend suggests that, overall, conditions are favorable for increasing biomass stocks in forests and wood production, implying a single global driver or linked set of drivers as plausible mechanisms enhancing biomass gains. Global forests appear to have become more dynamic under today's changing environments. [::6] Climate change and land-use change will continue to be dominant factors shaping forests and their functions in the coming decades. Throughout this review, we attempt to summarize the current understanding of the world's forests and how they have been shaped over time in an effort to highlight their irreplaceable services to humanity. [Future Issues] [::1] Global-scale tools will be increasingly powerful for analyzing important ecological issues, yet we still lack some critical monitoring infrastructure as well as the capacity to fully utilize the information that could be provided. For example, the benefits of large-scale three-dimensional imaging for mapping forest structure are well documented, but at present there is no satellite system delivering this information. Currently planned missions for orbiting laser altimeters will enhance our ability to map and monitor dynamics in forest structure. Space-based hyperspectral sampling would also potentially improve our understanding of forest canopy composition, chemistry, and function. [::2] Wereiterate the importance of improving ground-basedmonitoring networks, including to calibrate and validate the increasing flow of remotely sensed data. Robust, standardized networks of field monitoring sites to complement global satellite observations are still lacking, particularly in tropical forests, where most of the biomass and species reside. Many countries lack sufficient technical capacity to participate in global networks and analyses. Where such networks already exist, they are providing increasingly vital information about forest processes and the abundance of critical ecosystem services provided by forests, including the production of food, fiber, timber, medicine, and clean water.
@article{panStructureDistributionBiomass2013,
title = {The Structure, Distribution, and Biomass of the World's Forests},
author = {Pan, Yude and Birdsey, Richard A. and Phillips, Oliver L. and Jackson, Robert B.},
year = {2013},
volume = {44},
pages = {593--622},
issn = {1545-2069},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135914},
abstract = {Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem on Earth. We review the environmental factors controlling their structure and global distribution and evaluate their current and future trajectory. Adaptations of trees to climate and resource gradients, coupled with disturbances and forest dynamics, create complex geographical patterns in forest assemblages and structures. These patterns are increasingly discernible through new satellite and airborne observation systems, improved forest inventories, and global ecosystem models. Forest biomass is a complex property affected by forest distribution, structure, and ecological processes. Since at least 1990, biomass density has consistently increased in global established forests, despite increasing mortality in some regions, suggesting that a global driver such as elevated CO2 may be enhancing biomass gains. Global forests have also apparently become more dynamic. Advanced information about the structure, distribution, and biomass of the world's forests provides critical ecological insights and opportunities for sustainable forest management and enhancing forest conservation and ecosystem services.
[Excerpt: Summary Points]
[::1] Climate is the primary determinant of forest distribution at global and continental scales, but at the scales of landscapes and stands, it is topography, soil, species interactions, and disturbance that define additional complexity in forest assemblages and structures.
[::2] Advanced remote-sensing technologies have revealed great discrepancies between actual forests and their potential distributions, particularly in temperate zones, reflecting the extent of anthropogenic alteration of forest landscapes and human biomass use.
[::3] Relationships among forest productivity, biomass, and tree mortality vary and are scale dependent, given that different mechanisms or environmental factors dominate at different scales.
[::4] Relative to the preagricultural era, only approximately half of the Earth's live terrestrial biomass remains, much of it concentrated in the tropical lowlands. Global deforestation and forest degradation have been extensive, causing the loss of biomass and increased carbon emissions.
[::5] Over the past two decades, established forests around the world have shown consistent increases in biomass density and in total carbon density, despite increased mortality in some regions. This trend suggests that, overall, conditions are favorable for increasing biomass stocks in forests and wood production, implying a single global driver or linked set of drivers as plausible mechanisms enhancing biomass gains. Global forests appear to have become more dynamic under today's changing environments.
[::6] Climate change and land-use change will continue to be dominant factors shaping forests and their functions in the coming decades. Throughout this review, we attempt to summarize the current understanding of the world's forests and how they have been shaped over time in an effort to highlight their irreplaceable services to humanity.
[Future Issues]
[::1] Global-scale tools will be increasingly powerful for analyzing important ecological issues, yet we still lack some critical monitoring infrastructure as well as the capacity to fully utilize the information that could be provided. For example, the benefits of large-scale three-dimensional imaging for mapping forest structure are well documented, but at present there is no satellite system delivering this information. Currently planned missions for orbiting laser altimeters will enhance our ability to map and monitor dynamics in forest structure. Space-based hyperspectral sampling would also potentially improve our understanding of forest canopy composition, chemistry, and function.
[::2] Wereiterate the importance of improving ground-basedmonitoring networks, including to calibrate and validate the increasing flow of remotely sensed data. Robust, standardized networks of field monitoring sites to complement global satellite observations are still lacking, particularly in tropical forests, where most of the biomass and species reside. Many countries lack sufficient technical capacity to participate in global networks and analyses. Where such networks already exist, they are providing increasingly vital information about forest processes and the abundance of critical ecosystem services provided by forests, including the production of food, fiber, timber, medicine, and clean water.},
journal = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-12804989,~to-add-doi-URL,biomass,canopy-density,carbon-stock,classification,ecological-zones,fao-ecozones,forest-resources,land-cover,mature-forests,organic-carbon,remote-sensing,tree-height},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-12804989},
number = {1}
}
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Adaptations of trees to climate and resource gradients, coupled with disturbances and forest dynamics, create complex geographical patterns in forest assemblages and structures. These patterns are increasingly discernible through new satellite and airborne observation systems, improved forest inventories, and global ecosystem models. Forest biomass is a complex property affected by forest distribution, structure, and ecological processes. Since at least 1990, biomass density has consistently increased in global established forests, despite increasing mortality in some regions, suggesting that a global driver such as elevated CO2 may be enhancing biomass gains. Global forests have also apparently become more dynamic. Advanced information about the structure, distribution, and biomass of the world's forests provides critical ecological insights and opportunities for sustainable forest management and enhancing forest conservation and ecosystem services. [Excerpt: Summary Points] [::1] Climate is the primary determinant of forest distribution at global and continental scales, but at the scales of landscapes and stands, it is topography, soil, species interactions, and disturbance that define additional complexity in forest assemblages and structures. [::2] Advanced remote-sensing technologies have revealed great discrepancies between actual forests and their potential distributions, particularly in temperate zones, reflecting the extent of anthropogenic alteration of forest landscapes and human biomass use. [::3] Relationships among forest productivity, biomass, and tree mortality vary and are scale dependent, given that different mechanisms or environmental factors dominate at different scales. [::4] Relative to the preagricultural era, only approximately half of the Earth's live terrestrial biomass remains, much of it concentrated in the tropical lowlands. Global deforestation and forest degradation have been extensive, causing the loss of biomass and increased carbon emissions. [::5] Over the past two decades, established forests around the world have shown consistent increases in biomass density and in total carbon density, despite increased mortality in some regions. This trend suggests that, overall, conditions are favorable for increasing biomass stocks in forests and wood production, implying a single global driver or linked set of drivers as plausible mechanisms enhancing biomass gains. Global forests appear to have become more dynamic under today's changing environments. [::6] Climate change and land-use change will continue to be dominant factors shaping forests and their functions in the coming decades. Throughout this review, we attempt to summarize the current understanding of the world's forests and how they have been shaped over time in an effort to highlight their irreplaceable services to humanity. [Future Issues] [::1] Global-scale tools will be increasingly powerful for analyzing important ecological issues, yet we still lack some critical monitoring infrastructure as well as the capacity to fully utilize the information that could be provided. For example, the benefits of large-scale three-dimensional imaging for mapping forest structure are well documented, but at present there is no satellite system delivering this information. Currently planned missions for orbiting laser altimeters will enhance our ability to map and monitor dynamics in forest structure. Space-based hyperspectral sampling would also potentially improve our understanding of forest canopy composition, chemistry, and function. [::2] Wereiterate the importance of improving ground-basedmonitoring networks, including to calibrate and validate the increasing flow of remotely sensed data. Robust, standardized networks of field monitoring sites to complement global satellite observations are still lacking, particularly in tropical forests, where most of the biomass and species reside. Many countries lack sufficient technical capacity to participate in global networks and analyses. 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We review the environmental factors controlling their structure and global distribution and evaluate their current and future trajectory. Adaptations of trees to climate and resource gradients, coupled with disturbances and forest dynamics, create complex geographical patterns in forest assemblages and structures. These patterns are increasingly discernible through new satellite and airborne observation systems, improved forest inventories, and global ecosystem models. Forest biomass is a complex property affected by forest distribution, structure, and ecological processes. Since at least 1990, biomass density has consistently increased in global established forests, despite increasing mortality in some regions, suggesting that a global driver such as elevated CO2 may be enhancing biomass gains. Global forests have also apparently become more dynamic. Advanced information about the structure, distribution, and biomass of the world's forests provides critical ecological insights and opportunities for sustainable forest management and enhancing forest conservation and ecosystem services.\n\n[Excerpt: Summary Points]\n\n[::1] Climate is the primary determinant of forest distribution at global and continental scales, but at the scales of landscapes and stands, it is topography, soil, species interactions, and disturbance that define additional complexity in forest assemblages and structures.\n\n[::2] Advanced remote-sensing technologies have revealed great discrepancies between actual forests and their potential distributions, particularly in temperate zones, reflecting the extent of anthropogenic alteration of forest landscapes and human biomass use.\n\n[::3] Relationships among forest productivity, biomass, and tree mortality vary and are scale dependent, given that different mechanisms or environmental factors dominate at different scales.\n\n[::4] Relative to the preagricultural era, only approximately half of the Earth's live terrestrial biomass remains, much of it concentrated in the tropical lowlands. Global deforestation and forest degradation have been extensive, causing the loss of biomass and increased carbon emissions.\n\n[::5] Over the past two decades, established forests around the world have shown consistent increases in biomass density and in total carbon density, despite increased mortality in some regions. This trend suggests that, overall, conditions are favorable for increasing biomass stocks in forests and wood production, implying a single global driver or linked set of drivers as plausible mechanisms enhancing biomass gains. Global forests appear to have become more dynamic under today's changing environments.\n\n[::6] Climate change and land-use change will continue to be dominant factors shaping forests and their functions in the coming decades. Throughout this review, we attempt to summarize the current understanding of the world's forests and how they have been shaped over time in an effort to highlight their irreplaceable services to humanity.\n\n[Future Issues]\n\n[::1] Global-scale tools will be increasingly powerful for analyzing important ecological issues, yet we still lack some critical monitoring infrastructure as well as the capacity to fully utilize the information that could be provided. For example, the benefits of large-scale three-dimensional imaging for mapping forest structure are well documented, but at present there is no satellite system delivering this information. Currently planned missions for orbiting laser altimeters will enhance our ability to map and monitor dynamics in forest structure. Space-based hyperspectral sampling would also potentially improve our understanding of forest canopy composition, chemistry, and function.\n\n[::2] Wereiterate the importance of improving ground-basedmonitoring networks, including to calibrate and validate the increasing flow of remotely sensed data. Robust, standardized networks of field monitoring sites to complement global satellite observations are still lacking, particularly in tropical forests, where most of the biomass and species reside. Many countries lack sufficient technical capacity to participate in global networks and analyses. 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