Ilex Aquifolium L. Peterken, G. F. & Lloyd, P. S. Journal of Ecology, 1967. abstract bibtex A small, evergreen, much-branched tree or shrub, up to 23 m in height. Twigs initially green and glabrous, developing a grey bark, which is smooth for a long time but eventual- ly becomes finely fissured. Leaf scars visible on the twigs for 10-12 years. Leaves alternate, simple, with minute black triangular stipules, on short petioles, thick, coriacious, gla- brous, up to 10 cm long and 40 cm2 in area (single surface), live for up to 8 years, although rarely more than 5, increasing slightly in area in the second and subsequent years. Shade leaves tend to be thinner and larger in area. Ovate, elliptic or oblong in shape, their margin may be undulate, sinuate-dentate with large, spine-pointed teeth, but leaves of older trees and individuals in shaded habitats tend to become entire, retaining only the sharp, apical spine. Except for a narrow, cartilaginous border, the adaxial surface is dark-green, glossy with a thick cuticle, but the abaxial is yellow-green and not glossy. [\n] Normally dioecious. Flowers 6 mm in diameter, regular, hypogynous, four-merous, borne on second-year wood in few-flowered, axillary cymes. Petals white, united at the base. Sepals small and, like the petals, imbricate. Female flowers have four-locular ovary with one pendulous ovule in each division, four stigmas forming a disc-like plate on top of the ovary, and reduced stamens. Likewise, male flowers have reduced ovaries. Fruit 7-12 mm, scarlet, globose drupe; up to sixty on a single twig, each weighing 130- 150 mg. Nutlet ridged, plano-convex. Timber hard, heavy, ivory white with a fine, uniform texture; has small vessels characteristically arranged in radial rows (Jane 1956). [\n] No subspecies described; 'upwards of 140 forms have been named, quite 100 being distinct', of which many are of horticultural origin (Dallimore 1908). These varieties are based on pendulous habit, colour of bark, yellow berries, variegated foliage, leaf shape, leaf size, leaf curvature, the number of spines and their abnormal occurrence on the leaf surface in addition to the normal marginal position, and numerous other aberrant features (Dallimore 1908; Elwes & Henry 1913) most of which are found occasionally in wild populations. Native and widespread in Britain.
@article{peterkenIlexAquifolium1967,
title = {Ilex {{Aquifolium L}}.},
author = {Peterken, G. F. and Lloyd, P. S.},
year = {1967},
volume = {55},
issn = {1365-2745},
abstract = {A small, evergreen, much-branched tree or shrub, up to 23 m in height. Twigs initially green and glabrous, developing a grey bark, which is smooth for a long time but eventual- ly becomes finely fissured. Leaf scars visible on the twigs for 10-12 years. Leaves alternate, simple, with minute black triangular stipules, on short petioles, thick, coriacious, gla- brous, up to 10 cm long and 40 cm2 in area (single surface), live for up to 8 years, although rarely more than 5, increasing slightly in area in the second and subsequent years. Shade leaves tend to be thinner and larger in area. Ovate, elliptic or oblong in shape, their margin may be undulate, sinuate-dentate with large, spine-pointed teeth, but leaves of older trees and individuals in shaded habitats tend to become entire, retaining only the sharp, apical spine. Except for a narrow, cartilaginous border, the adaxial surface is dark-green, glossy with a thick cuticle, but the abaxial is yellow-green and not glossy.
[\textbackslash n] Normally dioecious. Flowers 6 mm in diameter, regular, hypogynous, four-merous, borne on second-year wood in few-flowered, axillary cymes. Petals white, united at the base. Sepals small and, like the petals, imbricate. Female flowers have four-locular ovary with one pendulous ovule in each division, four stigmas forming a disc-like plate on top of the ovary, and reduced stamens. Likewise, male flowers have reduced ovaries. Fruit 7-12 mm, scarlet, globose drupe; up to sixty on a single twig, each weighing 130- 150 mg. Nutlet ridged, plano-convex. Timber hard, heavy, ivory white with a fine, uniform texture; has small vessels characteristically arranged in radial rows (Jane 1956).
[\textbackslash n] No subspecies described; 'upwards of 140 forms have been named, quite 100 being distinct', of which many are of horticultural origin (Dallimore 1908). These varieties are based on pendulous habit, colour of bark, yellow berries, variegated foliage, leaf shape, leaf size, leaf curvature, the number of spines and their abnormal occurrence on the leaf surface in addition to the normal marginal position, and numerous other aberrant features (Dallimore 1908; Elwes \& Henry 1913) most of which are found occasionally in wild populations. Native and widespread in Britain.},
journal = {Journal of Ecology},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13631659,forest-resources,ilex-aquifolium,species-description},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13631659},
number = {3}
}
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Leaves alternate, simple, with minute black triangular stipules, on short petioles, thick, coriacious, gla- brous, up to 10 cm long and 40 cm2 in area (single surface), live for up to 8 years, although rarely more than 5, increasing slightly in area in the second and subsequent years. Shade leaves tend to be thinner and larger in area. Ovate, elliptic or oblong in shape, their margin may be undulate, sinuate-dentate with large, spine-pointed teeth, but leaves of older trees and individuals in shaded habitats tend to become entire, retaining only the sharp, apical spine. Except for a narrow, cartilaginous border, the adaxial surface is dark-green, glossy with a thick cuticle, but the abaxial is yellow-green and not glossy. [\\n] Normally dioecious. Flowers 6 mm in diameter, regular, hypogynous, four-merous, borne on second-year wood in few-flowered, axillary cymes. Petals white, united at the base. Sepals small and, like the petals, imbricate. Female flowers have four-locular ovary with one pendulous ovule in each division, four stigmas forming a disc-like plate on top of the ovary, and reduced stamens. Likewise, male flowers have reduced ovaries. Fruit 7-12 mm, scarlet, globose drupe; up to sixty on a single twig, each weighing 130- 150 mg. Nutlet ridged, plano-convex. Timber hard, heavy, ivory white with a fine, uniform texture; has small vessels characteristically arranged in radial rows (Jane 1956). [\\n] No subspecies described; 'upwards of 140 forms have been named, quite 100 being distinct', of which many are of horticultural origin (Dallimore 1908). These varieties are based on pendulous habit, colour of bark, yellow berries, variegated foliage, leaf shape, leaf size, leaf curvature, the number of spines and their abnormal occurrence on the leaf surface in addition to the normal marginal position, and numerous other aberrant features (Dallimore 1908; Elwes & Henry 1913) most of which are found occasionally in wild populations. Native and widespread in Britain.","journal":"Journal of Ecology","keywords":"*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13631659,forest-resources,ilex-aquifolium,species-description","lccn":"INRMM-MiD:c-13631659","number":"3","bibtex":"@article{peterkenIlexAquifolium1967,\n title = {Ilex {{Aquifolium L}}.},\n author = {Peterken, G. F. and Lloyd, P. S.},\n year = {1967},\n volume = {55},\n issn = {1365-2745},\n abstract = {A small, evergreen, much-branched tree or shrub, up to 23 m in height. Twigs initially green and glabrous, developing a grey bark, which is smooth for a long time but eventual- ly becomes finely fissured. Leaf scars visible on the twigs for 10-12 years. Leaves alternate, simple, with minute black triangular stipules, on short petioles, thick, coriacious, gla- brous, up to 10 cm long and 40 cm2 in area (single surface), live for up to 8 years, although rarely more than 5, increasing slightly in area in the second and subsequent years. Shade leaves tend to be thinner and larger in area. Ovate, elliptic or oblong in shape, their margin may be undulate, sinuate-dentate with large, spine-pointed teeth, but leaves of older trees and individuals in shaded habitats tend to become entire, retaining only the sharp, apical spine. Except for a narrow, cartilaginous border, the adaxial surface is dark-green, glossy with a thick cuticle, but the abaxial is yellow-green and not glossy. \n\n[\\textbackslash n] Normally dioecious. Flowers 6 mm in diameter, regular, hypogynous, four-merous, borne on second-year wood in few-flowered, axillary cymes. Petals white, united at the base. Sepals small and, like the petals, imbricate. Female flowers have four-locular ovary with one pendulous ovule in each division, four stigmas forming a disc-like plate on top of the ovary, and reduced stamens. Likewise, male flowers have reduced ovaries. Fruit 7-12 mm, scarlet, globose drupe; up to sixty on a single twig, each weighing 130- 150 mg. Nutlet ridged, plano-convex. Timber hard, heavy, ivory white with a fine, uniform texture; has small vessels characteristically arranged in radial rows (Jane 1956). \n\n[\\textbackslash n] No subspecies described; 'upwards of 140 forms have been named, quite 100 being distinct', of which many are of horticultural origin (Dallimore 1908). These varieties are based on pendulous habit, colour of bark, yellow berries, variegated foliage, leaf shape, leaf size, leaf curvature, the number of spines and their abnormal occurrence on the leaf surface in addition to the normal marginal position, and numerous other aberrant features (Dallimore 1908; Elwes \\& Henry 1913) most of which are found occasionally in wild populations. Native and widespread in Britain.},\n journal = {Journal of Ecology},\n keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13631659,forest-resources,ilex-aquifolium,species-description},\n lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13631659},\n number = {3}\n}\n\n","author_short":["Peterken, G. F.","Lloyd, P. 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