Effect of prize-based incentives on outcomes in stimulant abusers in outpatient psychosocial treatment programs: a national drug abuse treatment clinical trials network study. Petry, N. M., Peirce, J. M., Stitzer, M. L., Blaine, J., Roll, J. M., Cohen, A., Obert, J., Killeen, T., Saladin, M. E., Cowell, M., Kirby, K. C., Sterling, R., Royer-Malvestuto, C., Hamilton, J., Booth, R. E., Macdonald, M., Liebert, M., Rader, L., Burns, R., DiMaria, J., Copersino, M., Stabile, P. Q., Kolodner, K., & Li, R. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(10):1148–1156, October, 2005.
doi  abstract   bibtex   
CONTEXT: Contingency management interventions that provide tangible incentives based on objective indicators of drug abstinence are efficacious in improving outcomes in substance abusers, but these treatments have rarely been implemented in community-based settings. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of an abstinence-based contingency management intervention as an addition to usual care in community treatment settings. DESIGN: Random assignment to usual care or usual care plus abstinence-based incentives for 12 weeks. SETTING: Eight community-based outpatient psychosocial drug abuse treatment programs. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 415 cocaine or methamphetamine users beginning outpatient substance abuse treatment. INTERVENTION: All participants received standard care, and those assigned to the abstinence-based incentive condition also earned chances to win prizes for submitting substance-free urine samples; the chances of winning prizes increased with continuous time abstinent. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Retention, counseling attendance, total number of substance-free samples provided, percentage of stimulant- and alcohol-free samples submitted, and longest duration of confirmed stimulant abstinence. RESULTS: Participants assigned to the abstinence-based incentive condition remained in treatment for a mean +/- SD of 8.0 +/- 4.2 weeks and attended a mean +/- SD of 19.2 +/- 16.8 counseling sessions compared with 6.9 +/- 4.4 weeks and 15.7 +/- 14.4 sessions for those assigned to the usual care condition (P\textless.02 for all). Participants in the abstinence-based incentive condition also submitted significantly more stimulant- and alcohol-free samples (P\textless.001). The abstinence-based incentive group was significantly more likely to achieve 4, 8, and 12 weeks of continuous abstinence than the control group, with odds ratios of 2.5, 2.7, and 4.5, respectively. However, the percentage of positive samples submitted was low overall and did not differ between conditions. CONCLUSION: The abstinence-based incentive procedure, which provided a mean of 203 dollars in prizes per participant, was efficacious in improving retention and associated abstinence outcomes.
@article{petry_effect_2005,
	title = {Effect of prize-based incentives on outcomes in stimulant abusers in outpatient psychosocial treatment programs: a national drug abuse treatment clinical trials network study},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {0003-990X},
	shorttitle = {Effect of prize-based incentives on outcomes in stimulant abusers in outpatient psychosocial treatment programs},
	doi = {10.1001/archpsyc.62.10.1148},
	abstract = {CONTEXT: Contingency management interventions that provide tangible incentives based on objective indicators of drug abstinence are efficacious in improving outcomes in substance abusers, but these treatments have rarely been implemented in community-based settings.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of an abstinence-based contingency management intervention as an addition to usual care in community treatment settings.
DESIGN: Random assignment to usual care or usual care plus abstinence-based incentives for 12 weeks.
SETTING: Eight community-based outpatient psychosocial drug abuse treatment programs.
PARTICIPANTS: A total of 415 cocaine or methamphetamine users beginning outpatient substance abuse treatment.
INTERVENTION: All participants received standard care, and those assigned to the abstinence-based incentive condition also earned chances to win prizes for submitting substance-free urine samples; the chances of winning prizes increased with continuous time abstinent.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Retention, counseling attendance, total number of substance-free samples provided, percentage of stimulant- and alcohol-free samples submitted, and longest duration of confirmed stimulant abstinence.
RESULTS: Participants assigned to the abstinence-based incentive condition remained in treatment for a mean +/- SD of 8.0 +/- 4.2 weeks and attended a mean +/- SD of 19.2 +/- 16.8 counseling sessions compared with 6.9 +/- 4.4 weeks and 15.7 +/- 14.4 sessions for those assigned to the usual care condition (P{\textless}.02 for all). Participants in the abstinence-based incentive condition also submitted significantly more stimulant- and alcohol-free samples (P{\textless}.001). The abstinence-based incentive group was significantly more likely to achieve 4, 8, and 12 weeks of continuous abstinence than the control group, with odds ratios of 2.5, 2.7, and 4.5, respectively. However, the percentage of positive samples submitted was low overall and did not differ between conditions.
CONCLUSION: The abstinence-based incentive procedure, which provided a mean of 203 dollars in prizes per participant, was efficacious in improving retention and associated abstinence outcomes.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Archives of General Psychiatry},
	author = {Petry, Nancy M. and Peirce, Jessica M. and Stitzer, Maxine L. and Blaine, Jack and Roll, John M. and Cohen, Allan and Obert, Jeanne and Killeen, Therese and Saladin, Michael E. and Cowell, Mark and Kirby, Kimberly C. and Sterling, Robert and Royer-Malvestuto, Charlotte and Hamilton, John and Booth, Robert E. and Macdonald, Marilyn and Liebert, Marc and Rader, Linda and Burns, Raynetta and DiMaria, Joan and Copersino, Marc and Stabile, Patricia Quinn and Kolodner, Ken and Li, Rui},
	month = oct,
	year = {2005},
	pmid = {16203960},
	keywords = {Adult, Alcoholism, Ambulatory Care, Amphetamine-Related Disorders, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Cocaine-Related Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Methamphetamine, Motivation, Psychotherapy, Substance Abuse Detection, Substance Abuse Treatment Centers, Substance-Related Disorders, Token Economy, Treatment Outcome},
	pages = {1148--1156},
}

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