Detection of HPAI H5N1 viruses in ducks sampled from live bird markets in Vietnam. Phan, M. Q., Henry, W., Bui, C. B., DO, D. H., Hoang, N. V., Thu, N. T., Nguyen, T. T., LE, T. D., Diep, T. Q., Inui, K., Weaver, J., & Carrique-Mas, J. Epidemiology and infection, 141(3):601–611, March, 2013.
doi  abstract   bibtex   
In Vietnam, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 infections in poultry often occur without concomitant clinical signs and outbreaks are not consistently reported. Live bird markets represent a convenient site for surveillance that does not rely on farmers' notifications. Two H5N1 surveys were conducted at live bird markets/slaughter points in 39 districts (five provinces) in the Red River, Mekong delta, and central Vietnam during January and May 2011. Oropharyngeal and rectal swab samples from 12 480 ducks were tested for H5N1 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in pools of five. Traders and stallholders were interviewed using standardized questionnaires; 3.3% of pools tested positive. The highest prevalence (6.6%) corresponded to the Mekong delta, and no H5N1 was detected in the two Red River provinces. The surveys identified key risk behaviours of traders and stallholders. It is recommended that market surveys are implemented over time as a tool to evaluate progress in HPAI control in Vietnam.
@article{phan_detection_2013,
	title = {Detection of {HPAI} {H5N1} viruses in ducks sampled from live bird markets in {Vietnam}.},
	volume = {141},
	issn = {1469-4409 0950-2688},
	doi = {10.1017/S0950268812001112},
	abstract = {In Vietnam, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 infections in poultry often occur without concomitant clinical signs and outbreaks are not consistently reported. Live bird markets represent a convenient site for surveillance that does not rely on farmers' notifications. Two H5N1 surveys were conducted at live  bird markets/slaughter points in 39 districts (five provinces) in the Red River,  Mekong delta, and central Vietnam during January and May 2011. Oropharyngeal and  rectal swab samples from 12 480 ducks were tested for H5N1 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in pools of five. Traders and stallholders were interviewed using standardized questionnaires; 3.3\% of pools tested positive. The highest prevalence (6.6\%) corresponded to the Mekong delta,  and no H5N1 was detected in the two Red River provinces. The surveys identified key risk behaviours of traders and stallholders. It is recommended that market surveys are implemented over time as a tool to evaluate progress in HPAI control  in Vietnam.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Epidemiology and infection},
	author = {Phan, M. Q. and Henry, W. and Bui, C. B. and DO, D. H. and Hoang, N. V. and Thu, N. T. and Nguyen, T. T. and LE, T. D. and Diep, T. Q. and Inui, K. and Weaver, J. and Carrique-Mas, J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2013},
	pmid = {22651930},
	keywords = {Age Factors, Animals, Commerce, Ducks/*virology, Humans, Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/*isolation \& purification, Influenza in Birds/*epidemiology/*virology, Oropharynx/virology, Prevalence, Rectum/virology, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary, Surveys and Questionnaires, Vietnam/epidemiology},
	pages = {601--611},
}

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