Capital Is Back: Wealth-Income Ratios in Rich Countries 1700

Capital Is Back: Wealth-Income Ratios in Rich Countries 1700– 2010. Piketty, T. & Zucman, G. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129(3):1255–1310, 2014.

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How do aggregate wealth-to-income ratios evolve in the long run and why? We address this question using 1970– 2010 national balance sheets recently compiled in the top eight developed economies. For the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and France, we are able to extend our analysis as far back as 1700. We find in every country a gradual rise` of wealth-income ratios in recent decades, from about 200– 300% in 1970 to 400– 600% in 2010. In effect, today's ratios appear to be returning to the high values observed in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (600– 700%). This can be explained by a long-run asset price recovery (itself driven by changes in capital policies since the world wars) and by the slowdown of productivity and population growth, in line with the $β$=s/g Harrod-Domar-Solow formula. That is, for a given net saving rate s = 10%, the long-run wealth-income ratio is about 300% if g = 3% and 600% if g = 1.5%. Our results have implications for capital taxation and regulation and shed new light on the changing nature of wealth, the shape of the production function, and the rise of capital shares.

@article{PikettyZucman2014,
  title = {Capital Is Back: Wealth-Income Ratios in Rich Countries 1700\textendash 2010},
  author = {Piketty, Thomas and Zucman, Gabriel},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {129},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1255--1310},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qju018},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju018},
  abstract = {How do aggregate wealth-to-income ratios evolve in the long run and why? We address this question using 1970\textendash 2010 national balance sheets recently compiled in the top eight developed economies. For the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and France, we are able to extend our analysis as far back as 1700. We find in every country a gradual rise` of wealth-income ratios in recent decades, from about 200\textendash 300\% in 1970 to 400\textendash 600\% in 2010. In effect, today's ratios appear to be returning to the high values observed in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (600\textendash 700\%). This can be explained by a long-run asset price recovery (itself driven by changes in capital policies since the world wars) and by the slowdown of productivity and population growth, in line with the {$\beta$}=s/g Harrod-Domar-Solow formula. That is, for a given net saving rate s = 10\%, the long-run wealth-income ratio is about 300\% if g = 3\% and 600\% if g = 1.5\%. Our results have implications for capital taxation and regulation and shed new light on the changing nature of wealth, the shape of the production function, and the rise of capital shares.},
  keywords = {Trends in Aggregate Wealth and Wealth Inequality,Wealth Taxation}
}

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