@Article{Plotnik2006,
  author   = {Joshua M Plotnik and Frans B M de Waal and Diana Reiss},
  journal  = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
  title    = {Self-recognition in an {A}sian elephant.},
  year     = {2006},
  abstract = {Considered an indicator of self-awareness, mirror self-recognition
	(MSR) has long seemed limited to humans and apes. In both phylogeny
	and human ontogeny, MSR is thought to correlate with higher forms
	of empathy and altruistic behavior. Apart from humans and apes, dolphins
	and elephants are also known for such capacities. After the recent
	discovery of MSR in dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), elephants thus
	were the next logical candidate species. We exposed three Asian elephants
	(Elephas maximus) to a large mirror to investigate their responses.
	Animals that possess MSR typically progress through four stages of
	behavior when facing a mirror: (i) social responses, (ii) physical
	inspection (e.g., looking behind the mirror), (iii) repetitive mirror-testing
	behavior, and (iv) realization of seeing themselves. Visible marks
	and invisible sham-marks were applied to the elephants' heads to
	test whether they would pass the litmus "mark test" for MSR in which
	an individual spontaneously uses a mirror to touch an otherwise imperceptible
	mark on its own body. Here, we report a successful MSR elephant study
	and report striking parallels in the progression of responses to
	mirrors among apes, dolphins, and elephants. These parallels suggest
	convergent cognitive evolution most likely related to complex sociality
	and cooperation.},
  doi      = {10.1073/pnas.0608062103},
  keywords = {17075063},
}

{"_id":"ELNwcEdZi5FDMZ4kq","bibbaseid":"plotnik-dewaal-reiss-selfrecognitioninanasianelephant-2006","author_short":["Plotnik, J. M","de Waal, F. B M","Reiss, D."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","author":[{"firstnames":["Joshua","M"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Plotnik"],"suffixes":[]},{"firstnames":["Frans","B","M"],"propositions":["de"],"lastnames":["Waal"],"suffixes":[]},{"firstnames":["Diana"],"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Reiss"],"suffixes":[]}],"journal":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","title":"Self-recognition in an Asian elephant.","year":"2006","abstract":"Considered an indicator of self-awareness, mirror self-recognition (MSR) has long seemed limited to humans and apes. In both phylogeny and human ontogeny, MSR is thought to correlate with higher forms of empathy and altruistic behavior. Apart from humans and apes, dolphins and elephants are also known for such capacities. After the recent discovery of MSR in dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), elephants thus were the next logical candidate species. We exposed three Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to a large mirror to investigate their responses. Animals that possess MSR typically progress through four stages of behavior when facing a mirror: (i) social responses, (ii) physical inspection (e.g., looking behind the mirror), (iii) repetitive mirror-testing behavior, and (iv) realization of seeing themselves. Visible marks and invisible sham-marks were applied to the elephants' heads to test whether they would pass the litmus \"mark test\" for MSR in which an individual spontaneously uses a mirror to touch an otherwise imperceptible mark on its own body. Here, we report a successful MSR elephant study and report striking parallels in the progression of responses to mirrors among apes, dolphins, and elephants. These parallels suggest convergent cognitive evolution most likely related to complex sociality and cooperation.","doi":"10.1073/pnas.0608062103","keywords":"17075063","bibtex":"@Article{Plotnik2006,\n author = {Joshua M Plotnik and Frans B M de Waal and Diana Reiss},\n journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},\n title = {Self-recognition in an {A}sian elephant.},\n year = {2006},\n abstract = {Considered an indicator of self-awareness, mirror self-recognition\n\t(MSR) has long seemed limited to humans and apes. In both phylogeny\n\tand human ontogeny, MSR is thought to correlate with higher forms\n\tof empathy and altruistic behavior. Apart from humans and apes, dolphins\n\tand elephants are also known for such capacities. After the recent\n\tdiscovery of MSR in dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), elephants thus\n\twere the next logical candidate species. We exposed three Asian elephants\n\t(Elephas maximus) to a large mirror to investigate their responses.\n\tAnimals that possess MSR typically progress through four stages of\n\tbehavior when facing a mirror: (i) social responses, (ii) physical\n\tinspection (e.g., looking behind the mirror), (iii) repetitive mirror-testing\n\tbehavior, and (iv) realization of seeing themselves. Visible marks\n\tand invisible sham-marks were applied to the elephants' heads to\n\ttest whether they would pass the litmus \"mark test\" for MSR in which\n\tan individual spontaneously uses a mirror to touch an otherwise imperceptible\n\tmark on its own body. Here, we report a successful MSR elephant study\n\tand report striking parallels in the progression of responses to\n\tmirrors among apes, dolphins, and elephants. These parallels suggest\n\tconvergent cognitive evolution most likely related to complex sociality\n\tand cooperation.},\n doi = {10.1073/pnas.0608062103},\n keywords = {17075063},\n}\n\n","author_short":["Plotnik, J. M","de Waal, F. B M","Reiss, D."],"key":"Plotnik2006","id":"Plotnik2006","bibbaseid":"plotnik-dewaal-reiss-selfrecognitioninanasianelephant-2006","role":"author","urls":{},"keyword":["17075063"],"metadata":{"authorlinks":{}}},"bibtype":"article","biburl":"https://endress.org/publications/ansgar.bib","dataSources":["xPGxHAeh3vZpx4yyE","TXa55dQbNoWnaGmMq"],"keywords":["17075063"],"search_terms":["self","recognition","asian","elephant","plotnik","de waal","reiss"],"title":"Self-recognition in an Asian elephant.","year":2006}