Multi-field surface electrode for selective electrical stimulation. Popović-Bijelić, A., Bijelić, G., Jorgovanović, N., Bojanić, D., Popović, M. B., & Popović, D. B. Artif. Organs, 29(6):448–452, Blackwell Science Inc, 2005.
doi  abstract   bibtex   
Abstract: We designed a 24-field array and an on-line control box that selects which and how many of 24 fields will conduct electrical charge during functional electrical stimulation. The array was made using a conductive microfiber textile, silver two-component adhesive, and the conductive ink imprint on the polycarbonate. The control box comprised 24 switches that corresponded one-to-one to the fields on the array. Each field could be made conductive or nonconductive by simple pressing of the corresponding push-button type switch on the control box. We present here representative results of the selectivity of the new electrode measured in three tetraplegic patients during functional electrical stimulation of the forearm. The task was to generate finger flexion and extension with minimal interference of the wrist movement during lateral and palmar grasps. Therapists determined the appropriate pattern that lead to effective grasping, lasting on average 5 min per stimulation channel in the first session. This optimal conductive pattern (size and shape) provided effective finger flexion and extension with minimal wrist flexion/extension and ulnar/radial deviations (<10 degrees). The optimal size and shape of the electrode in all cases had a branched pattern. The selection of the optimal stimulation site was achieved without moving the electrode. The size and shape were reproducible in the same subject from session to session, yet were different from subject to subject. The optimal electrode size and shape changed when subjects pronated and supinated their forearm. The control box includes a program that can dynamically change the number and sites of the conductive fields; hence, it is feasible to use this during functional movements. Subjects learned how to determine the optimal electrode pattern; hence, these electrodes could be effective for home usage. Electrical stimulation of nerves and muscles via surface electrodes is being used for various applications (e.g., pain reduction, muscle strengthening, activation of paralyzed muscles, and training of sensory-motor mechanisms). Common to all applications of surface electrodes for stimulation is that it requires a great deal of skill and patience from the user and/or the therapist to place the electrodes in the optimal position for the function to be performed. It is difficult to predict precisely which sensory-motor structures will be activated for any given position and electrode configuration. Very often self-adhesive electrodes are used, which must be taken off before they can be repositioned at a different location on the skin. This process is time-consuming, and it can also be painful and compromises the adhesion of the electrode to the skin. It is difficult to try many different electrode sizes. For all these reasons a nonoptimal electrode position and electrode size are often chosen for stimulation sessions. Here we describe the advantages of a new multiple-contact surface electrode combined with an easy-to-use interface that allows the user to try many different electrode sizes and positions, without removing the electrode from the skin. This array-electrode was developed to replace a single-field electrode in daily use in applications where selective activation is required for regaining functional movements.
@Article{SCC.Popovic-Bijelic.Bijelic.ea2005,
  author    = {Popovi{\'{c}}-Bijeli{\'{c}}, Ana and Bijeli{\'{c}}, Goran and Jorgovanovi{\'{c}}, Nikola and Bojani{\'{c}}, Dubravka and Popovi{\'{c}}, Mirjana B. and Popovi{\'{c}}, Dejan B.},
  title     = {Multi-field surface electrode for selective electrical stimulation},
  journal   = {Artif. Organs},
  year      = {2005},
  volume    = {29},
  number    = {6},
  pages     = {448--452},
  issn      = {1525-1594},
  abstract  = {Abstract: We designed a 24-field array and an on-line control box that selects which and how many of 24 fields will conduct electrical charge during functional electrical stimulation. The array was made using a conductive microfiber textile, silver two-component adhesive, and the conductive ink imprint on the polycarbonate. The control box comprised 24 switches that corresponded one-to-one to the fields on the array. Each field could be made conductive or nonconductive by simple pressing of the corresponding push-button type switch on the control box. We present here representative results of the selectivity of the new electrode measured in three tetraplegic patients during functional electrical stimulation of the forearm. The task was to generate finger flexion and extension with minimal interference of the wrist movement during lateral and palmar grasps. Therapists determined the appropriate pattern that lead to effective grasping, lasting on average 5 min per stimulation channel in the first session. This optimal conductive pattern (size and shape) provided effective finger flexion and extension with minimal wrist flexion/extension and ulnar/radial deviations (<10 degrees). The optimal size and shape of the electrode in all cases had a branched pattern. The selection of the optimal stimulation site was achieved without moving the electrode. The size and shape were reproducible in the same subject from session to session, yet were different from subject to subject. The optimal electrode size and shape changed when subjects pronated and supinated their forearm. The control box includes a program that can dynamically change the number and sites of the conductive fields; hence, it is feasible to use this during functional movements. Subjects learned how to determine the optimal electrode pattern; hence, these electrodes could be effective for home usage. Electrical stimulation of nerves and muscles via surface electrodes is being used for various applications (e.g., pain reduction, muscle strengthening, activation of paralyzed muscles, and training of sensory-motor mechanisms). Common to all applications of surface electrodes for stimulation is that it requires a great deal of skill and patience from the user and/or the therapist to place the electrodes in the optimal position for the function to be performed. It is difficult to predict precisely which sensory-motor structures will be activated for any given position and electrode configuration. Very often self-adhesive electrodes are used, which must be taken off before they can be repositioned at a different location on the skin. This process is time-consuming, and it can also be painful and compromises the adhesion of the electrode to the skin. It is difficult to try many different electrode sizes. For all these reasons a nonoptimal electrode position and electrode size are often chosen for stimulation sessions. Here we describe the advantages of a new multiple-contact surface electrode combined with an easy-to-use interface that allows the user to try many different electrode sizes and positions, without removing the electrode from the skin. This array-electrode was developed to replace a single-field electrode in daily use in applications where selective activation is required for regaining functional movements.},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1525-1594.2005.29075.x},
  owner     = {Ryan},
  publisher = {Blackwell Science Inc},
  timestamp = {2013.01.29},
}
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