Fabrication of black TiO$_{\textrm{2}}$ through microwave heating for visible light-driven photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine 6G. Rachmantyo, R., Afkauni, A. A., Reinaldo, R., Zhang, L., Arramel, A., Birowosuto, M. D., Wibowo, A., & Judawisastra, H. Reaction Chemistry & Engineering, 9(11):3003–3015, 2024.
Fabrication of black TiO$_{\textrm{2}}$ through microwave heating for visible light-driven photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine 6G [link]Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   
This study shows that a narrower band gap TiO 2 , namely black TiO 2 , can be prepared using NaBH 4 as a reducing material and microwave heating, which is a faster, greener, and simpler method than the existing method using furnace heating. , This study aims to prepare titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) with a narrower band gap, namely black TiO 2 , using sodium tetrahydroborate (NaBH 4 ) as a reducing material with different mixing ratios and microwave heating, which is a faster, greener, and simpler method than the existing method using furnace heating. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) inspections indicate that incremental changes of agglomeration are observed upon increasing the NaBH 4 mixing ratio, with a moderate 2-fold increase in the particle size (up to 49.9 ± 3.0 nm). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and Raman spectroscopy confirm that TiO 2 is fully converted to the anatase phase after microwave-assisted synthesis. The gradual shift in intense E g phonon vibration mode at 141 cm −1 to a longer Raman wavelength infers simultaneous defect formations on both pristine and reduced TiO 2 surfaces. Furthermore, high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements confirmed the formation of Ti 3+ and O v . The photodegradation results showed that after visible light irradiation for 4 hours, the T-50 sample exhibited R6G degradation of 49.2 ± 2.0%, outperforming the pristine P25. Moreover, bandgap reduction is successfully achieved from 3.20 eV (P25) to 1.50 eV (T-50) from diffuse reflectance UV-vis (DRUV) spectroscopy measurements. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy found that the energy transfer efficiency of the T-50 sample was 30.6 ± 4.6% during the decomposition of R6G. This combined effort promotes the use of potent black TiO 2 through photocatalysis towards fabrication of highly efficient remediation materials in the future.
@article{rachmantyoFabricationBlackTiO22024,
	title = {Fabrication of black {TiO}$_{\textrm{2}}$ through microwave heating for visible light-driven photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine {6G}},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2058-9883},
	url = {https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D4RE00202D},
	doi = {10.1039/D4RE00202D},
	abstract = {This study shows that a narrower band gap TiO
              2
              , namely black TiO
              2
              , can be prepared using NaBH
              4
              as a reducing material and microwave heating, which is a faster, greener, and simpler method than the existing method using furnace heating.
            
          , 
            
              This study aims to prepare titanium dioxide (TiO
              2
              ) with a narrower band gap, namely black TiO
              2
              , using sodium tetrahydroborate (NaBH
              4
              ) as a reducing material with different mixing ratios and microwave heating, which is a faster, greener, and simpler method than the existing method using furnace heating. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) inspections indicate that incremental changes of agglomeration are observed upon increasing the NaBH
              4
              mixing ratio, with a moderate 2-fold increase in the particle size (up to 49.9 ± 3.0 nm). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and Raman spectroscopy confirm that TiO
              2
              is fully converted to the anatase phase after microwave-assisted synthesis. The gradual shift in intense E
              g
              phonon vibration mode at 141 cm
              −1
              to a longer Raman wavelength infers simultaneous defect formations on both pristine and reduced TiO
              2
              surfaces. Furthermore, high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements confirmed the formation of Ti
              3+
              and O
              v
              . The photodegradation results showed that after visible light irradiation for 4 hours, the T-50 sample exhibited R6G degradation of 49.2 ± 2.0\%, outperforming the pristine P25. Moreover, bandgap reduction is successfully achieved from 3.20 eV (P25) to 1.50 eV (T-50) from diffuse reflectance UV-vis (DRUV) spectroscopy measurements. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy found that the energy transfer efficiency of the T-50 sample was 30.6 ± 4.6\% during the decomposition of R6G. This combined effort promotes the use of potent black TiO
              2
              through photocatalysis towards fabrication of highly efficient remediation materials in the future.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2026-06-22},
	journal = {Reaction Chemistry \& Engineering},
	author = {Rachmantyo, Riska and Afkauni, Afif Akmal and Reinaldo, Ricky and Zhang, Lei and Arramel, Arramel and Birowosuto, Muhammad Danang and Wibowo, Arie and Judawisastra, Hermawan},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {3003--3015},
}
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