@article{
 title = {Step Matrices and the Interpretation of Homoplasy..},
 type = {article},
 year = {1998},
 identifiers = {[object Object]},
 pages = {582-588},
 volume = {47},
 websites = {http://proxy.uchicago.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hch&AN=1454164&loginpage=Login.asp&site=ehost-live&scope=site},
 month = {12},
 id = {fc4347c5-23ef-3408-9474-1db8daea67bc},
 created = {2009-03-28T22:56:03.000Z},
 file_attached = {true},
 profile_id = {35ea6394-bf81-3575-97c0-adad2125e024},
 last_modified = {2016-02-21T06:51:15.000Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {true},
 confirmed = {false},
 hidden = {false},
 notes = {Accession Number: 1454164; Ree, Richard H.; Donoghue, Michael J.; Source Information: Dec98, Vol. 47 Issue 4, p582; Number of Pages: 7p; Document Type: Article},
 abstract = {Assumptions about the costs of character change, coded in the form of a step matrix, determine most-parsimonious inferences of character evolution on phylogenies. We present a graphical approach to exploring the relationship between cost assumptions and evolutionary inferences from character data. The number of gains and losses of a binary trait on a phylogeny can be plotted over a range of cost assumptions, to reveal the inflection point at which there is a switch from more gains to more losses and the point at which all changes are inferred to be in one direction or the other. Phylogenetic structure in the data, the tree shape, and the relative frequency of states among the taxa influence the shape of such graphs and complicate the interpretation of possible permutationbased tests for directionality of change. The costs at which the most-parsimonious state of each internal node switches from one state to another can also be quantified by iterative ancestral-state reconstruction over a range of costs. This procedure helps identify the most robust inferences of change in each direction, which should be of use in designing comparative studies. [Ancestral states; character evolution; homoplasy; parsimony; phylogenetic inference.]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Systematic Biology is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts)},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Ree, Richard H. and Donoghue, Michael J.},
 journal = {Systematic Biology},
 number = {4}
}

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