@article{richardson_assessing_2002,
	title = {Assessing {Clark}'s nutcracker seed-caching flights using maternally inherited mitochondrial {DNA} of whitebark pine},
	volume = {32},
	abstract = {Maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) were used to examine the maternal genetic structure at three hierarchical spatial scales: fine scale, coarse scale, and inter population. These data were used to draw inferences into Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana Wilson) seed-caching flight distances. Statistical analyses of fine-scale and coarse-scale distribution of haplotypes showed no apparent signs of deviation from a random pattern. This suggests nutcrackers are effective in dispersal of seed within populations, which is consistent with data gathered on nutcracker seed-caching behavior. However, the lack of homogeneity in haplotype frequencies among populations indicates nutcrackers rarely disperse seeds across large gaps ({\textgreater}20 km) in subalpine habitat},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Canadian Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Richardson, B. A. and Klopfenstein, N. B. and Brunsfeld, S. J.},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1103--1107}
}

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