Comparison of survey methods for wintering grassland birds. Roberts, J. & Schnell, G. Journal of Field Ornithology, 77(1):46–60, Department of Zoology, Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Avenue, Norman, OK 73072, United States, 2006. abstract bibtex Although investigators have evaluated the efficacy of survey methods for assessing densities of breeding birds, few comparisons have been made of survey methods for wintering birds, especially in grasslands. In winter, social behavior and spatial distributions often differ from those in the breeding season. We evaluated the degree of correspondence between density estimates based on different survey methods. Surveys were conducted during two winters (2001-2002 and 2002-2003) on 16 grassland sites in southwestern Oklahoma. Line-transect (using a detection function to account for birds present but not detected) and area-search (where density was based on the total count within a given area) methods were employed. Observations on line transects were also analyzed as strip transects, where density was based on total count within a given strip width and no detection function was used. Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis), LeConte's Sparrows (Ammodramus leconteii), Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia), Smith's Longspurs (Calcarius pictus), Chestnut-collared Longspurs (C. ornatus), and Eastern Meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) were sufficiently abundant to allow comparison. Area-search density estimates tended to be higher than line-transect estimates for Savannah Sparrows, Song Sparrows, and Eastern Meadowlarks, suggesting that some individuals initially located close to the transect line were not detected on line transects. The area-search and line-transect methods gave similar density estimates for Chestnut-collared and Smith's longspurs. Area-search estimates of Eastern Meadowlarks were significantly higher in the second year of the study only. For this species, area-search estimates did not differ from those of strip transects covering an equal area, so the reason for the differing meadowlark estimates is not clear. Higher density estimates using the area-search method likely resulted from: (1) birds that might escape detection by hiding were more likely detected (flushed) during area searches because of the repeated passes through the area, and (2) birds close to the line in line transects escape detection by hiding, biasing those estimates low. We also evaluated the correspondence of density rankings for the six species as determined by the different survey methods and for the same species across survey sites. Correlations among the six species of the area-search results with those of line transects and strip transects generally were high, increasing in 2002-2003 when densities of birds were greater. All three methods provided similar density rankings among species. Density rankings within species across sites for the four non-longspur species generally were concordant for the three methods, suggesting that any of them will adequately reflect among-site differences, especially when densities vary greatly across sites. Further research is needed to determine the extent to which grassland birds are missed on line transects. We suggest that workers using line transects to study these species give careful consideration and make additional efforts to satisfy the distance-sampling assumption that all birds on or near the line are detected. If density is measured as a total count in a fixed area, we recommend that observers pass within <10 m of all points in the area. ©2006 Association of Field Ornithologists.
@Article{RobSch06,
author = {Roberts, J.P. and Schnell, G.D.},
title = {Comparison of survey methods for wintering grassland birds},
journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},
year = {2006},
volume = {77},
number = {1},
pages = {46--60},
abstract = {Although investigators have evaluated the efficacy of survey methods
for assessing densities of breeding birds, few comparisons have been
made of survey methods for wintering birds, especially in grasslands.
In winter, social behavior and spatial distributions often differ
from those in the breeding season. We evaluated the degree of correspondence
between density estimates based on different survey methods. Surveys
were conducted during two winters (2001-2002 and 2002-2003) on 16
grassland sites in southwestern Oklahoma. Line-transect (using a
detection function to account for birds present but not detected)
and area-search (where density was based on the total count within
a given area) methods were employed. Observations on line transects
were also analyzed as strip transects, where density was based on
total count within a given strip width and no detection function
was used. Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis), LeConte's
Sparrows (Ammodramus leconteii), Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia),
Smith's Longspurs (Calcarius pictus), Chestnut-collared Longspurs
(C. ornatus), and Eastern Meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) were sufficiently
abundant to allow comparison. Area-search density estimates tended
to be higher than line-transect estimates for Savannah Sparrows,
Song Sparrows, and Eastern Meadowlarks, suggesting that some individuals
initially located close to the transect line were not detected on
line transects. The area-search and line-transect methods gave similar
density estimates for Chestnut-collared and Smith's longspurs. Area-search
estimates of Eastern Meadowlarks were significantly higher in the
second year of the study only. For this species, area-search estimates
did not differ from those of strip transects covering an equal area,
so the reason for the differing meadowlark estimates is not clear.
Higher density estimates using the area-search method likely resulted
from: (1) birds that might escape detection by hiding were more likely
detected (flushed) during area searches because of the repeated passes
through the area, and (2) birds close to the line in line transects
escape detection by hiding, biasing those estimates low. We also
evaluated the correspondence of density rankings for the six species
as determined by the different survey methods and for the same species
across survey sites. Correlations among the six species of the area-search
results with those of line transects and strip transects generally
were high, increasing in 2002-2003 when densities of birds were greater.
All three methods provided similar density rankings among species.
Density rankings within species across sites for the four non-longspur
species generally were concordant for the three methods, suggesting
that any of them will adequately reflect among-site differences,
especially when densities vary greatly across sites. Further research
is needed to determine the extent to which grassland birds are missed
on line transects. We suggest that workers using line transects to
study these species give careful consideration and make additional
efforts to satisfy the distance-sampling assumption that all birds
on or near the line are detected. If density is measured as a total
count in a fixed area, we recommend that observers pass within <10
m of all points in the area. ©2006 Association of Field Ornithologists.},
address = {Department of Zoology, Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Avenue, Norman, OK 73072, United States},
comment = {http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2006.00024.x},
file = {Roberts&Schnell2006.pdf:Roberts&Schnell2006.pdf:PDF},
keywords = {Area search, Density, Grassland bird, Line transect, Strip transect, Survey, Winter},
owner = {Tiago},
subdatabase = {distance},
timestamp = {2006.11.19},
}
Downloads: 0
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Surveys were conducted during two winters (2001-2002 and 2002-2003) on 16 grassland sites in southwestern Oklahoma. Line-transect (using a detection function to account for birds present but not detected) and area-search (where density was based on the total count within a given area) methods were employed. Observations on line transects were also analyzed as strip transects, where density was based on total count within a given strip width and no detection function was used. Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis), LeConte's Sparrows (Ammodramus leconteii), Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia), Smith's Longspurs (Calcarius pictus), Chestnut-collared Longspurs (C. ornatus), and Eastern Meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) were sufficiently abundant to allow comparison. Area-search density estimates tended to be higher than line-transect estimates for Savannah Sparrows, Song Sparrows, and Eastern Meadowlarks, suggesting that some individuals initially located close to the transect line were not detected on line transects. The area-search and line-transect methods gave similar density estimates for Chestnut-collared and Smith's longspurs. Area-search estimates of Eastern Meadowlarks were significantly higher in the second year of the study only. For this species, area-search estimates did not differ from those of strip transects covering an equal area, so the reason for the differing meadowlark estimates is not clear. Higher density estimates using the area-search method likely resulted from: (1) birds that might escape detection by hiding were more likely detected (flushed) during area searches because of the repeated passes through the area, and (2) birds close to the line in line transects escape detection by hiding, biasing those estimates low. We also evaluated the correspondence of density rankings for the six species as determined by the different survey methods and for the same species across survey sites. Correlations among the six species of the area-search results with those of line transects and strip transects generally were high, increasing in 2002-2003 when densities of birds were greater. All three methods provided similar density rankings among species. Density rankings within species across sites for the four non-longspur species generally were concordant for the three methods, suggesting that any of them will adequately reflect among-site differences, especially when densities vary greatly across sites. Further research is needed to determine the extent to which grassland birds are missed on line transects. We suggest that workers using line transects to study these species give careful consideration and make additional efforts to satisfy the distance-sampling assumption that all birds on or near the line are detected. If density is measured as a total count in a fixed area, we recommend that observers pass within <10 m of all points in the area. ©2006 Association of Field Ornithologists.","address":"Department of Zoology, Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, 2401 Chautauqua Avenue, Norman, OK 73072, United States","comment":"http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2006.00024.x","file":"Roberts&Schnell2006.pdf:Roberts&Schnell2006.pdf:PDF","keywords":"Area search, Density, Grassland bird, Line transect, Strip transect, Survey, Winter","owner":"Tiago","subdatabase":"distance","timestamp":"2006.11.19","bibtex":"@Article{RobSch06,\r\n author = {Roberts, J.P. and Schnell, G.D.},\r\n title = {Comparison of survey methods for wintering grassland birds},\r\n journal = {Journal of Field Ornithology},\r\n year = {2006},\r\n volume = {77},\r\n number = {1},\r\n pages = {46--60},\r\n abstract = {Although investigators have evaluated the efficacy of survey methods\r\n\tfor assessing densities of breeding birds, few comparisons have been\r\n\tmade of survey methods for wintering birds, especially in grasslands.\r\n\tIn winter, social behavior and spatial distributions often differ\r\n\tfrom those in the breeding season. We evaluated the degree of correspondence\r\n\tbetween density estimates based on different survey methods. Surveys\r\n\twere conducted during two winters (2001-2002 and 2002-2003) on 16\r\n\tgrassland sites in southwestern Oklahoma. Line-transect (using a\r\n\tdetection function to account for birds present but not detected)\r\n\tand area-search (where density was based on the total count within\r\n\ta given area) methods were employed. Observations on line transects\r\n\twere also analyzed as strip transects, where density was based on\r\n\ttotal count within a given strip width and no detection function\r\n\twas used. Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis), LeConte's\r\n\tSparrows (Ammodramus leconteii), Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia),\r\n\tSmith's Longspurs (Calcarius pictus), Chestnut-collared Longspurs\r\n\t(C. ornatus), and Eastern Meadowlarks (Sturnella magna) were sufficiently\r\n\tabundant to allow comparison. Area-search density estimates tended\r\n\tto be higher than line-transect estimates for Savannah Sparrows,\r\n\tSong Sparrows, and Eastern Meadowlarks, suggesting that some individuals\r\n\tinitially located close to the transect line were not detected on\r\n\tline transects. The area-search and line-transect methods gave similar\r\n\tdensity estimates for Chestnut-collared and Smith's longspurs. Area-search\r\n\testimates of Eastern Meadowlarks were significantly higher in the\r\n\tsecond year of the study only. For this species, area-search estimates\r\n\tdid not differ from those of strip transects covering an equal area,\r\n\tso the reason for the differing meadowlark estimates is not clear.\r\n\tHigher density estimates using the area-search method likely resulted\r\n\tfrom: (1) birds that might escape detection by hiding were more likely\r\n\tdetected (flushed) during area searches because of the repeated passes\r\n\tthrough the area, and (2) birds close to the line in line transects\r\n\tescape detection by hiding, biasing those estimates low. We also\r\n\tevaluated the correspondence of density rankings for the six species\r\n\tas determined by the different survey methods and for the same species\r\n\tacross survey sites. Correlations among the six species of the area-search\r\n\tresults with those of line transects and strip transects generally\r\n\twere high, increasing in 2002-2003 when densities of birds were greater.\r\n\tAll three methods provided similar density rankings among species.\r\n\tDensity rankings within species across sites for the four non-longspur\r\n\tspecies generally were concordant for the three methods, suggesting\r\n\tthat any of them will adequately reflect among-site differences,\r\n\tespecially when densities vary greatly across sites. Further research\r\n\tis needed to determine the extent to which grassland birds are missed\r\n\ton line transects. We suggest that workers using line transects to\r\n\tstudy these species give careful consideration and make additional\r\n\tefforts to satisfy the distance-sampling assumption that all birds\r\n\ton or near the line are detected. 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