A Geometrically Exact Model for Externally Loaded Concentric-Tube Continuum Robots. Rucker, D. C., Jones, B. A., & III, R. J. W. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 26(5):769–780, October, 2010.
doi  abstract   bibtex   
Continuum robots, which are composed of multiple concentric, precurved elastic tubes, can provide dexterity at diameters equivalent to standard surgical needles. Recent mechanics-based models of these “active cannulas” are able to accurately describe the curve of the robot in free space, given the preformed tube curves and the linear and angular positions of the tube bases. However, in practical applications, where the active cannula must interact with its environment or apply controlled forces, a model that accounts for deformation under external loading is required. In this paper, we apply geometrically exact rod theory to produce a forward kinematic model that accurately describes large deflections due to a general collection of externally applied point and/or distributed wrench loads. This model accommodates arbitrarily many tubes, with each having a general preshaped curve. It also describes the independent torsional deformation of the individual tubes. Experimental results are provided for both point and distributed loads. Average tip error under load was 2.91 mm (1.5% - 3% of total robot length), which is similar to the accuracy of existing free-space models.
@article{rucker_geometrically_2010,
	title = {A {Geometrically} {Exact} {Model} for {Externally} {Loaded} {Concentric}-{Tube} {Continuum} {Robots}},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1552-3098},
	doi = {10.1109/TRO.2010.2062570},
	abstract = {Continuum robots, which are composed of multiple concentric, precurved elastic tubes, can provide dexterity at diameters equivalent to standard surgical needles. Recent mechanics-based models of these “active cannulas” are able to accurately describe the curve of the robot in free space, given the preformed tube curves and the linear and angular positions of the tube bases. However, in practical applications, where the active cannula must interact with its environment or apply controlled forces, a model that accounts for deformation under external loading is required. In this paper, we apply geometrically exact rod theory to produce a forward kinematic model that accurately describes large deflections due to a general collection of externally applied point and/or distributed wrench loads. This model accommodates arbitrarily many tubes, with each having a general preshaped curve. It also describes the independent torsional deformation of the individual tubes. Experimental results are provided for both point and distributed loads. Average tip error under load was 2.91 mm (1.5\% - 3\% of total robot length), which is similar to the accuracy of existing free-space models.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Robotics},
	author = {Rucker, D. C. and Jones, B. A. and III, R. J. Webster},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {Active cannula, Continuum robot, Cosserat-rod theory, Electron tubes, Equations, Load modeling, Mathematical model, Robot kinematics, Robots, Shape, active cannulas, concentric-tube robot, distributed wrench loads, elastic tubes, externally loaded concentric tube continuum robots, forward kinematic model, free space models, geometrically exact rod theory, geometry, kinematics, medical robotics, surgical needles},
	pages = {769--780}
}

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