The influence of working-memory demand and subject performance on prefrontal cortical activity. Rypma, B., Berger, J. S., & D'Esposito, M. J Cogn Neurosci, 14(5):721–731, 2002. doi abstract bibtex Brain imaging and behavioral studies of working memory (WM) converge to suggest that the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) mediates a capacity-limited storage buffer and that the dorsolateral PFC mediates memory organization processes that support supracapacity memory storage. Previous research from our laboratory has shown that the extent to which such memory organization processes are required depends on both task factors (i.e., memory load) and subject factors (i.e., response speed). Task factors exert their effects mainly during WM encoding while subject factors exert their effects mainly during WM retrieval. In this study, we sought to test the generalizability of these phenomena under more difficult memory-demand conditions than have been used previously. During scanning, subjects performed a WM task in which they were required to maintain between 1 and 8 letters over a brief delay. Neural activity was measured during encoding, maintenance, and retrieval task periods using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. With increasing memory load, there were reaction time increases and accuracy rate decreases, ventrolateral PFC activation decreases during encoding, and dorsolateral PFC activation increases during maintenance and retrieval. These results suggest that the ventrolateral PFC mediates WM storage and that the dorsolateral PFC mediates strategic memory organization processes that facilitate supracapacity WM storage. Additionally, high-performing subjects showed overall less activation than low-performing subjects, but activation increases with increasing memory load in the lateral PFC during maintenance and retrieval. Low-performing subjects showed overall more activation than high-performing subjects, but minimal activation increases in the dorsolateral PFC with increasing memory load. These results suggest that individual differences in both neural efficiency and cognitive strategy underlie individual differences in the quality of subjects' WM performance.
@Article{Rypma2002,
author = {Rypma, Bart and Berger, Jeffrey S. and D'Esposito, Mark},
journal = {J Cogn Neurosci},
title = {The influence of working-memory demand and subject performance on prefrontal cortical activity.},
year = {2002},
number = {5},
pages = {721--731},
volume = {14},
abstract = {Brain imaging and behavioral studies of working memory (WM) converge
to suggest that the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) mediates
a capacity-limited storage buffer and that the dorsolateral PFC mediates
memory organization processes that support supracapacity memory storage.
Previous research from our laboratory has shown that the extent to
which such memory organization processes are required depends on
both task factors (i.e., memory load) and subject factors (i.e.,
response speed). Task factors exert their effects mainly during WM
encoding while subject factors exert their effects mainly during
WM retrieval. In this study, we sought to test the generalizability
of these phenomena under more difficult memory-demand conditions
than have been used previously. During scanning, subjects performed
a WM task in which they were required to maintain between 1 and 8
letters over a brief delay. Neural activity was measured during encoding,
maintenance, and retrieval task periods using event-related functional
magnetic resonance imaging. With increasing memory load, there were
reaction time increases and accuracy rate decreases, ventrolateral
PFC activation decreases during encoding, and dorsolateral PFC activation
increases during maintenance and retrieval. These results suggest
that the ventrolateral PFC mediates WM storage and that the dorsolateral
PFC mediates strategic memory organization processes that facilitate
supracapacity WM storage. Additionally, high-performing subjects
showed overall less activation than low-performing subjects, but
activation increases with increasing memory load in the lateral PFC
during maintenance and retrieval. Low-performing subjects showed
overall more activation than high-performing subjects, but minimal
activation increases in the dorsolateral PFC with increasing memory
load. These results suggest that individual differences in both neural
efficiency and cognitive strategy underlie individual differences
in the quality of subjects' WM performance.},
doi = {10.1162/08989290260138627},
institution = {Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Smith Hall, 101 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA. rypma@psychology.rutgers.edu},
keywords = {Adult; Cognition, physiology; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Memory, Short-Term, physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology},
language = {eng},
medline-pst = {ppublish},
pmid = {12167257},
timestamp = {2014.04.27},
}
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S.","D'Esposito, M."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Rypma"],"firstnames":["Bart"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Berger"],"firstnames":["Jeffrey","S."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["D'Esposito"],"firstnames":["Mark"],"suffixes":[]}],"journal":"J Cogn Neurosci","title":"The influence of working-memory demand and subject performance on prefrontal cortical activity.","year":"2002","number":"5","pages":"721–731","volume":"14","abstract":"Brain imaging and behavioral studies of working memory (WM) converge to suggest that the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) mediates a capacity-limited storage buffer and that the dorsolateral PFC mediates memory organization processes that support supracapacity memory storage. Previous research from our laboratory has shown that the extent to which such memory organization processes are required depends on both task factors (i.e., memory load) and subject factors (i.e., response speed). Task factors exert their effects mainly during WM encoding while subject factors exert their effects mainly during WM retrieval. In this study, we sought to test the generalizability of these phenomena under more difficult memory-demand conditions than have been used previously. During scanning, subjects performed a WM task in which they were required to maintain between 1 and 8 letters over a brief delay. Neural activity was measured during encoding, maintenance, and retrieval task periods using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. With increasing memory load, there were reaction time increases and accuracy rate decreases, ventrolateral PFC activation decreases during encoding, and dorsolateral PFC activation increases during maintenance and retrieval. These results suggest that the ventrolateral PFC mediates WM storage and that the dorsolateral PFC mediates strategic memory organization processes that facilitate supracapacity WM storage. Additionally, high-performing subjects showed overall less activation than low-performing subjects, but activation increases with increasing memory load in the lateral PFC during maintenance and retrieval. Low-performing subjects showed overall more activation than high-performing subjects, but minimal activation increases in the dorsolateral PFC with increasing memory load. These results suggest that individual differences in both neural efficiency and cognitive strategy underlie individual differences in the quality of subjects' WM performance.","doi":"10.1162/08989290260138627","institution":"Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Smith Hall, 101 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA. rypma@psychology.rutgers.edu","keywords":"Adult; Cognition, physiology; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Memory, Short-Term, physiology; Prefrontal Cortex, physiology","language":"eng","medline-pst":"ppublish","pmid":"12167257","timestamp":"2014.04.27","bibtex":"@Article{Rypma2002,\n author = {Rypma, Bart and Berger, Jeffrey S. and D'Esposito, Mark},\n journal = {J Cogn Neurosci},\n title = {The influence of working-memory demand and subject performance on prefrontal cortical activity.},\n year = {2002},\n number = {5},\n pages = {721--731},\n volume = {14},\n abstract = {Brain imaging and behavioral studies of working memory (WM) converge\n\tto suggest that the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) mediates\n\ta capacity-limited storage buffer and that the dorsolateral PFC mediates\n\tmemory organization processes that support supracapacity memory storage.\n\tPrevious research from our laboratory has shown that the extent to\n\twhich such memory organization processes are required depends on\n\tboth task factors (i.e., memory load) and subject factors (i.e.,\n\tresponse speed). Task factors exert their effects mainly during WM\n\tencoding while subject factors exert their effects mainly during\n\tWM retrieval. In this study, we sought to test the generalizability\n\tof these phenomena under more difficult memory-demand conditions\n\tthan have been used previously. During scanning, subjects performed\n\ta WM task in which they were required to maintain between 1 and 8\n\tletters over a brief delay. Neural activity was measured during encoding,\n\tmaintenance, and retrieval task periods using event-related functional\n\tmagnetic resonance imaging. With increasing memory load, there were\n\treaction time increases and accuracy rate decreases, ventrolateral\n\tPFC activation decreases during encoding, and dorsolateral PFC activation\n\tincreases during maintenance and retrieval. These results suggest\n\tthat the ventrolateral PFC mediates WM storage and that the dorsolateral\n\tPFC mediates strategic memory organization processes that facilitate\n\tsupracapacity WM storage. Additionally, high-performing subjects\n\tshowed overall less activation than low-performing subjects, but\n\tactivation increases with increasing memory load in the lateral PFC\n\tduring maintenance and retrieval. Low-performing subjects showed\n\toverall more activation than high-performing subjects, but minimal\n\tactivation increases in the dorsolateral PFC with increasing memory\n\tload. 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