Non-invasive measurement of brain viscoelasticity using magnetic resonance elastography. Sack, I., Beierbach, B., Hamhaber, U., Klatt, D., & Braun, J.R. NMR Biomed, 21(3):265--271, Mar, 2008.
Non-invasive measurement of brain viscoelasticity using magnetic resonance elastography. [link]Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   
The purpose of this work was to develop magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) for the fast and reproducible measurement of spatially averaged viscoelastic constants of living human brain. The technique was based on a phase-sensitive echo planar imaging acquisition. Motion encoding was orthogonal to the image plane and synchronized to intracranial shear vibrations at driving frequencies of 25 and 50 Hz induced by a head-rocker actuator. Ten time-resolved phase-difference wave images were recorded within 60 s and analyzed for shear stiffness and shear viscosity. Six healthy volunteers (six men; mean age 34.5 years; age range 25-44 years) underwent 23-39 follow-up MRE studies over a period of 6 months. Interindividual mean +/- SD shear moduli and shear viscosities were found to be 1.17 +/- 0.03 kPa and 3.1 +/- 0.4 Pas for 25 Hz and 1.56 +/- 0.07 kPa and 3.4 +/- 0.2 Pas for 50 Hz, respectively (P < or = 0.01). The intraindividual range of shear modulus data was 1.01-1.31 kPa (25 Hz) and 1.33-1.77 kPa (50 Hz). The observed modulus dispersion indicates a limited applicability of Voigt's model to explain viscoelastic behavior of brain parenchyma within the applied frequency range. The narrow distribution of data within small confidence intervals demonstrates excellent reproducibility of the experimental protocol. The results are necessary as reference data for future comparisons between healthy and pathological human brain viscoelastic data.
@article{ Sack2008,
  author = {Sack, Ingolf and Beierbach, Bernd and Hamhaber, Uwe and Klatt, Dieter
	and Braun, J�rgen},
  title = {Non-invasive measurement of brain viscoelasticity using magnetic
	resonance elastography.},
  journal = {NMR Biomed},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {21},
  pages = {265--271},
  number = {3},
  month = {Mar},
  abstract = {The purpose of this work was to develop magnetic resonance elastography
	(MRE) for the fast and reproducible measurement of spatially averaged
	viscoelastic constants of living human brain. The technique was based
	on a phase-sensitive echo planar imaging acquisition. Motion encoding
	was orthogonal to the image plane and synchronized to intracranial
	shear vibrations at driving frequencies of 25 and 50 Hz induced by
	a head-rocker actuator. Ten time-resolved phase-difference wave images
	were recorded within 60 s and analyzed for shear stiffness and shear
	viscosity. Six healthy volunteers (six men; mean age 34.5 years;
	age range 25-44 years) underwent 23-39 follow-up MRE studies over
	a period of 6 months. Interindividual mean +/- SD shear moduli and
	shear viscosities were found to be 1.17 +/- 0.03 kPa and 3.1 +/-
	0.4 Pas for 25 Hz and 1.56 +/- 0.07 kPa and 3.4 +/- 0.2 Pas for 50
	Hz, respectively (P < or = 0.01). The intraindividual range of shear
	modulus data was 1.01-1.31 kPa (25 Hz) and 1.33-1.77 kPa (50 Hz).
	The observed modulus dispersion indicates a limited applicability
	of Voigt's model to explain viscoelastic behavior of brain parenchyma
	within the applied frequency range. The narrow distribution of data
	within small confidence intervals demonstrates excellent reproducibility
	of the experimental protocol. The results are necessary as reference
	data for future comparisons between healthy and pathological human
	brain viscoelastic data.},
  doi = {10.1002/nbm.1189},
  institution = {Institute of Radiology, Charit� - Universit�tsmedizin Berlin, Berlin,
	Germany.},
  keywords = {Adult; Biomechanics; Brain, anatomy /&/ histology/metabolism; Elasticity;
	Humans; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Image Processing,
	Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging, methods; Male; Shear
	Strength; Stress, Mechanical; Viscosity},
  language = {eng},
  medline-pst = {ppublish},
  owner = {Heiko},
  pmid = {17614101},
  timestamp = {2013.07.26},
  url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nbm.1189}
}

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