The Role of Forests in Reducing Hydrogeomorphic Hazards. Sakals, M. E., Innes, J. L., Wilford, D. J., Sidle, R. C., & Grant, G. E. Forest Snow and Landscape Research, 80(1):11–22, 2006. abstract bibtex Increasingly, forests are being valued for goods and services beyond wood fibre; one of these is protection forests. Functions provided by natural and managed forests have been associated with reduced hazards from floods, debris floods, debris flows, snow avalanches and rockfalls. Maintaining a high level of protection may require active management, as forests are dynamic and the protection capabilities are strongly determined by forest condition. The nature of protection provided varies depending upon the hazard processes and pathways, and the relative spatial orientation of the hazard, the forest, and the features being protected. Hazard processes and pathways need to be understood for protection forest management so that the expected protective functions can be well predicted. Protective functions of forests include: 1) retaining material in upslope positions; and 2) containing, confining and resisting material during transport and deposition. These effects are primarily realized through: 1) soil conditioning and macropore creation; 2) root reinforcement and 3) presence of above ground structural elements. Recognition of these functions of protection forests and their relations with hydrogeomorphic hazards will contribute to the best management of protection forests. [Excerpt: Conclusions] Forests can reduce hydrogeomorphic hazards by retaining material in upslope and upstream positions and by limiting the extent of disturbance caused by events once they have initiated. The protective functions affect both above- and below-ground processes.The above-ground functions relate to the physical structure of the forest: increased ground surface roughness decreases the initiation of snow avalanches through a variety of processes; forest canopies intercept precipitation that is often evaporated, rendering it hydrogeomorphically inactive; and the stems of trees, both standing and down, reduce the areas disturbed by snow avalanches, rockfalls, floods, debris floods and debris flows. The major below ground functions are the influences on hillslope hydrology, allowing rapid subsurface drainage to avoid high pore water pressures, and the cohesive effect of vegetation roots binding the soil mass and anchoring the soil to the bedrock. If the protection service is desired for the long-term, the management of the forest must be sensitive to the age distribution of the forest as it affects the rapidity of protective function recovery after disturbance. Given the expected magnitude-frequency relations of many hydrogeomorphic hazards, protection forests are an attractive solution for aesthetics, economics, safety and sustainability.
@article{sakalsRoleForestsReducing2006,
title = {The Role of Forests in Reducing Hydrogeomorphic Hazards},
author = {Sakals, M. E. and Innes, J. L. and Wilford, D. J. and Sidle, R. C. and Grant, G. E.},
year = {2006},
volume = {80},
pages = {11--22},
issn = {1424-5108},
abstract = {Increasingly, forests are being valued for goods and services beyond wood fibre; one of these is protection forests. Functions provided by natural and managed forests have been associated with reduced hazards from floods, debris floods, debris flows, snow avalanches and rockfalls. Maintaining a high level of protection may require active management, as forests are dynamic and the protection capabilities are strongly determined by forest condition. The nature of protection provided varies depending upon the hazard processes and pathways, and the relative spatial orientation of the hazard, the forest, and the features being protected. Hazard processes and pathways need to be understood for protection forest management so that the expected protective functions can be well predicted. Protective functions of forests include: 1) retaining material in upslope positions; and 2) containing, confining and resisting material during transport and deposition. These effects are primarily realized through: 1) soil conditioning and macropore creation; 2) root reinforcement and 3) presence of above ground structural elements. Recognition of these functions of protection forests and their relations with hydrogeomorphic hazards will contribute to the best management of protection forests.
[Excerpt: Conclusions] Forests can reduce hydrogeomorphic hazards by retaining material in upslope and upstream positions and by limiting the extent of disturbance caused by events once they have initiated. The protective functions affect both above- and below-ground processes.The above-ground functions relate to the physical structure of the forest: increased ground surface roughness decreases the initiation of snow avalanches through a variety of processes; forest canopies intercept precipitation that is often evaporated, rendering it hydrogeomorphically inactive; and the stems of trees, both standing and down, reduce the areas disturbed by snow avalanches, rockfalls, floods, debris floods and debris flows. The major below ground functions are the influences on hillslope hydrology, allowing rapid subsurface drainage to avoid high pore water pressures, and the cohesive effect of vegetation roots binding the soil mass and anchoring the soil to the bedrock. If the protection service is desired for the long-term, the management of the forest must be sensitive to the age distribution of the forest as it affects the rapidity of protective function recovery after disturbance. Given the expected magnitude-frequency relations of many hydrogeomorphic hazards, protection forests are an attractive solution for aesthetics, economics, safety and sustainability.},
journal = {Forest Snow and Landscape Research},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13908936,debris-floods,debris-flows,floods,forest-resources,geomorphology,hydrology,natural-hazards,rockfalls,snow-avalances,soil-resources},
lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13908936},
number = {1}
}
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E."],"year":2006,"bibtype":"article","biburl":"https://sharefast.me/php/download.php?id=zOUKvA&token=29","bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","title":"The Role of Forests in Reducing Hydrogeomorphic Hazards","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Sakals"],"firstnames":["M.","E."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Innes"],"firstnames":["J.","L."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Wilford"],"firstnames":["D.","J."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Sidle"],"firstnames":["R.","C."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Grant"],"firstnames":["G.","E."],"suffixes":[]}],"year":"2006","volume":"80","pages":"11–22","issn":"1424-5108","abstract":"Increasingly, forests are being valued for goods and services beyond wood fibre; one of these is protection forests. Functions provided by natural and managed forests have been associated with reduced hazards from floods, debris floods, debris flows, snow avalanches and rockfalls. Maintaining a high level of protection may require active management, as forests are dynamic and the protection capabilities are strongly determined by forest condition. The nature of protection provided varies depending upon the hazard processes and pathways, and the relative spatial orientation of the hazard, the forest, and the features being protected. Hazard processes and pathways need to be understood for protection forest management so that the expected protective functions can be well predicted. Protective functions of forests include: 1) retaining material in upslope positions; and 2) containing, confining and resisting material during transport and deposition. These effects are primarily realized through: 1) soil conditioning and macropore creation; 2) root reinforcement and 3) presence of above ground structural elements. Recognition of these functions of protection forests and their relations with hydrogeomorphic hazards will contribute to the best management of protection forests. [Excerpt: Conclusions] Forests can reduce hydrogeomorphic hazards by retaining material in upslope and upstream positions and by limiting the extent of disturbance caused by events once they have initiated. The protective functions affect both above- and below-ground processes.The above-ground functions relate to the physical structure of the forest: increased ground surface roughness decreases the initiation of snow avalanches through a variety of processes; forest canopies intercept precipitation that is often evaporated, rendering it hydrogeomorphically inactive; and the stems of trees, both standing and down, reduce the areas disturbed by snow avalanches, rockfalls, floods, debris floods and debris flows. The major below ground functions are the influences on hillslope hydrology, allowing rapid subsurface drainage to avoid high pore water pressures, and the cohesive effect of vegetation roots binding the soil mass and anchoring the soil to the bedrock. If the protection service is desired for the long-term, the management of the forest must be sensitive to the age distribution of the forest as it affects the rapidity of protective function recovery after disturbance. Given the expected magnitude-frequency relations of many hydrogeomorphic hazards, protection forests are an attractive solution for aesthetics, economics, safety and sustainability.","journal":"Forest Snow and Landscape Research","keywords":"*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13908936,debris-floods,debris-flows,floods,forest-resources,geomorphology,hydrology,natural-hazards,rockfalls,snow-avalances,soil-resources","lccn":"INRMM-MiD:c-13908936","number":"1","bibtex":"@article{sakalsRoleForestsReducing2006,\n title = {The Role of Forests in Reducing Hydrogeomorphic Hazards},\n author = {Sakals, M. E. and Innes, J. L. and Wilford, D. J. and Sidle, R. C. and Grant, G. E.},\n year = {2006},\n volume = {80},\n pages = {11--22},\n issn = {1424-5108},\n abstract = {Increasingly, forests are being valued for goods and services beyond wood fibre; one of these is protection forests. Functions provided by natural and managed forests have been associated with reduced hazards from floods, debris floods, debris flows, snow avalanches and rockfalls. Maintaining a high level of protection may require active management, as forests are dynamic and the protection capabilities are strongly determined by forest condition. The nature of protection provided varies depending upon the hazard processes and pathways, and the relative spatial orientation of the hazard, the forest, and the features being protected. Hazard processes and pathways need to be understood for protection forest management so that the expected protective functions can be well predicted. Protective functions of forests include: 1) retaining material in upslope positions; and 2) containing, confining and resisting material during transport and deposition. These effects are primarily realized through: 1) soil conditioning and macropore creation; 2) root reinforcement and 3) presence of above ground structural elements. Recognition of these functions of protection forests and their relations with hydrogeomorphic hazards will contribute to the best management of protection forests.\n\n[Excerpt: Conclusions] Forests can reduce hydrogeomorphic hazards by retaining material in upslope and upstream positions and by limiting the extent of disturbance caused by events once they have initiated. The protective functions affect both above- and below-ground processes.The above-ground functions relate to the physical structure of the forest: increased ground surface roughness decreases the initiation of snow avalanches through a variety of processes; forest canopies intercept precipitation that is often evaporated, rendering it hydrogeomorphically inactive; and the stems of trees, both standing and down, reduce the areas disturbed by snow avalanches, rockfalls, floods, debris floods and debris flows. The major below ground functions are the influences on hillslope hydrology, allowing rapid subsurface drainage to avoid high pore water pressures, and the cohesive effect of vegetation roots binding the soil mass and anchoring the soil to the bedrock. If the protection service is desired for the long-term, the management of the forest must be sensitive to the age distribution of the forest as it affects the rapidity of protective function recovery after disturbance. 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