@article{RN191,
   author = {Sano, M. B. and Arena, C. B. and DeWitt, M. R. and Saur, D. and Davalos, R. V.},
   title = {In-vitro bipolar nano- and microsecond electro-pulse bursts for irreversible electroporation therapies},
   journal = {Bioelectrochemistry},
   volume = {100},
   pages = {69-79},
   note = {1878-562x
Sano, Michael B
Arena, Christopher B
DeWitt, Matthew R
Saur, Dieter
Davalos, Rafael V
Journal Article
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Netherlands
2014/08/19
Bioelectrochemistry. 2014 Dec;100:69-79. doi: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.07.010. Epub 2014 Aug 4.},
   abstract = {Under the influence of external electric fields, cells experience a rapid potential buildup across the cell membrane. Above a critical threshold of electric field strength, permanent cell damage can occur, resulting in cell death. Typical investigations of electroporation effects focus on two distinct regimes. The first uses sub-microsecond duration, high field strength pulses while the second uses longer (50 μs+) duration, but lower field strength pulses. Here we investigate the effects of pulses between these two extremes. The charging behavior of the cell membrane and nuclear envelope is evaluated numerically in response to bipolar pulses between 250 ns and 50 μs. Typical irreversible electroporation protocols expose cells to 90 monopolar pulses, each 100 μs in duration with a 1 second inter-pulse delay. Here, we replace each monopolar waveform with a burst of alternating polarity pulses, while keeping the total energized time (100 μs), burst number (80), and inter-burst delay (1s) the same. We show that these bursts result in instantaneous and delayed cell death mechanisms and that there exists an inverse relationship between pulse-width and toxicity despite the delivery of equal quantities of energy. At 1500 V/cm only treatments with bursts containing 50 μs pulses (2×) resulted in viability below 10%. At 4000 V/cm, bursts with 1 μs (100×), 2 μs (50×), 5 μs (20×), 10 μs (10×), and 50 μs (2×) duration pulses reduced viability below 10% while bursts with 500 ns (200×) and 250 ns (400×) pulses resulted in viabilities of 31% and 92%, respectively.},
   keywords = {Animals
Cell Line, Tumor
Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane Permeability
Electric Stimulation Therapy/adverse effects/*methods
Electroporation/*methods
Mice
Models, Biological
Nuclear Envelope
Time Factors
Ablation
Cancer
High frequency
Non-thermal},
   ISSN = {1567-5394},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.07.010},
   year = {2014},
   type = {Journal Article}
}

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V."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"Journal Article","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Sano"],"firstnames":["M.","B."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Arena"],"firstnames":["C.","B."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["DeWitt"],"firstnames":["M.","R."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Saur"],"firstnames":["D."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Davalos"],"firstnames":["R.","V."],"suffixes":[]}],"title":"In-vitro bipolar nano- and microsecond electro-pulse bursts for irreversible electroporation therapies","journal":"Bioelectrochemistry","volume":"100","pages":"69-79","note":"1878-562x Sano, Michael B Arena, Christopher B DeWitt, Matthew R Saur, Dieter Davalos, Rafael V Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Netherlands 2014/08/19 Bioelectrochemistry. 2014 Dec;100:69-79. doi: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.07.010. Epub 2014 Aug 4.","abstract":"Under the influence of external electric fields, cells experience a rapid potential buildup across the cell membrane. Above a critical threshold of electric field strength, permanent cell damage can occur, resulting in cell death. Typical investigations of electroporation effects focus on two distinct regimes. The first uses sub-microsecond duration, high field strength pulses while the second uses longer (50 μs+) duration, but lower field strength pulses. Here we investigate the effects of pulses between these two extremes. The charging behavior of the cell membrane and nuclear envelope is evaluated numerically in response to bipolar pulses between 250 ns and 50 μs. Typical irreversible electroporation protocols expose cells to 90 monopolar pulses, each 100 μs in duration with a 1 second inter-pulse delay. Here, we replace each monopolar waveform with a burst of alternating polarity pulses, while keeping the total energized time (100 μs), burst number (80), and inter-burst delay (1s) the same. We show that these bursts result in instantaneous and delayed cell death mechanisms and that there exists an inverse relationship between pulse-width and toxicity despite the delivery of equal quantities of energy. At 1500 V/cm only treatments with bursts containing 50 μs pulses (2×) resulted in viability below 10%. At 4000 V/cm, bursts with 1 μs (100×), 2 μs (50×), 5 μs (20×), 10 μs (10×), and 50 μs (2×) duration pulses reduced viability below 10% while bursts with 500 ns (200×) and 250 ns (400×) pulses resulted in viabilities of 31% and 92%, respectively.","keywords":"Animals Cell Line, Tumor Cell Membrane Cell Membrane Permeability Electric Stimulation Therapy/adverse effects/*methods Electroporation/*methods Mice Models, Biological Nuclear Envelope Time Factors Ablation Cancer High frequency Non-thermal","issn":"1567-5394","doi":"10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.07.010","year":"2014","bibtex":"@article{RN191,\n author = {Sano, M. B. and Arena, C. B. and DeWitt, M. R. and Saur, D. and Davalos, R. V.},\n title = {In-vitro bipolar nano- and microsecond electro-pulse bursts for irreversible electroporation therapies},\n journal = {Bioelectrochemistry},\n volume = {100},\n pages = {69-79},\n note = {1878-562x\nSano, Michael B\nArena, Christopher B\nDeWitt, Matthew R\nSaur, Dieter\nDavalos, Rafael V\nJournal Article\nResearch Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.\nNetherlands\n2014/08/19\nBioelectrochemistry. 2014 Dec;100:69-79. doi: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.07.010. Epub 2014 Aug 4.},\n abstract = {Under the influence of external electric fields, cells experience a rapid potential buildup across the cell membrane. Above a critical threshold of electric field strength, permanent cell damage can occur, resulting in cell death. Typical investigations of electroporation effects focus on two distinct regimes. The first uses sub-microsecond duration, high field strength pulses while the second uses longer (50 μs+) duration, but lower field strength pulses. Here we investigate the effects of pulses between these two extremes. The charging behavior of the cell membrane and nuclear envelope is evaluated numerically in response to bipolar pulses between 250 ns and 50 μs. Typical irreversible electroporation protocols expose cells to 90 monopolar pulses, each 100 μs in duration with a 1 second inter-pulse delay. Here, we replace each monopolar waveform with a burst of alternating polarity pulses, while keeping the total energized time (100 μs), burst number (80), and inter-burst delay (1s) the same. We show that these bursts result in instantaneous and delayed cell death mechanisms and that there exists an inverse relationship between pulse-width and toxicity despite the delivery of equal quantities of energy. At 1500 V/cm only treatments with bursts containing 50 μs pulses (2×) resulted in viability below 10%. At 4000 V/cm, bursts with 1 μs (100×), 2 μs (50×), 5 μs (20×), 10 μs (10×), and 50 μs (2×) duration pulses reduced viability below 10% while bursts with 500 ns (200×) and 250 ns (400×) pulses resulted in viabilities of 31% and 92%, respectively.},\n keywords = {Animals\nCell Line, Tumor\nCell Membrane\nCell Membrane Permeability\nElectric Stimulation Therapy/adverse effects/*methods\nElectroporation/*methods\nMice\nModels, Biological\nNuclear Envelope\nTime Factors\nAblation\nCancer\nHigh frequency\nNon-thermal},\n ISSN = {1567-5394},\n DOI = {10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.07.010},\n year = {2014},\n type = {Journal Article}\n}\n\n","author_short":["Sano, M. B.","Arena, C. B.","DeWitt, M. R.","Saur, D.","Davalos, R. 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