Reference: the linguistic essential. Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S., Rumbaugh, D. M., Smith, S. T., & Lawson, J. Science, 210(4472):922-5, 1980.
abstract   bibtex   
Three chimpanzees learned to label three edibles as "foods" and three inedibles as "tools". Two chimpanzees could then similarly categorize numerous objects during blind trial 1 tests when shown only objects' names. The language-like skills of the chimpanzee who failed (Lana) illustrates that apes can use symbols in ways that emulate human usage without comprehending their representational function.
@Article{Savage-Rumbaugh1980,
  author   = {E. S. Savage-Rumbaugh and D. M. Rumbaugh and S. T. Smith and J. Lawson},
  journal  = {Science},
  title    = {Reference: the linguistic essential.},
  year     = {1980},
  number   = {4472},
  pages    = {922-5},
  volume   = {210},
  abstract = {Three chimpanzees learned to label three edibles as "foods" and three
	inedibles as "tools". Two chimpanzees could then similarly categorize
	numerous objects during blind trial 1 tests when shown only objects'
	names. The language-like skills of the chimpanzee who failed (Lana)
	illustrates that apes can use symbols in ways that emulate human
	usage without comprehending their representational function.},
  keywords = {Animal Communication, Animals, Association, Learning, Linguistics, Pan troglodytes, 7434008},
}

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