A Late-time Radio Search for Highly Off-axis Jets from PTF Broad-lined Ic Supernovae in GRB-like Host Galaxy Environments

A Late-time Radio Search for Highly Off-axis Jets from PTF Broad-lined Ic Supernovae in GRB-like Host Galaxy Environments. Schroeder, G., Ho, A. Y. Q., Dastidar, R. G., Modjaz, M., Corsi, A., & Duffell, P. C. July, 2025. arXiv:2507.15928 [astro-ph]

Paper doi abstract bibtex

Hydrogen/Helium-poor stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae with broad lines (SNe Ic-bl) almost always accompany the nearby (z \textless 0.3) jetted relativistic explosions known as long duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). However, the majority of SNe Ic-bl have no detected GRB counterpart. At least some of these SNe should harbor off-axis jets, whose afterglow may become detectable at late times, particularly at radio wavelengths. Here, we present Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array radio observations (rest frame times of ∼ 3–4 × 103 days post SN discovery) of a sample of 14 SNe Ic-bl discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) that have been demonstrated to originate from the same host environments as the SNe Ic-bl associated with nearby GRBs. Of the 14 SNe, we identify three that are radio detected, one of which (PTF10tqv, z = 0.0795) is consistent with an off-axis jet with energy similar to classical GRBs (≳ 1050.5 erg). Using recently developed synchrotron radiation code, we find that for our 11 non-detections, which are among the deepest limits obtained for Ic-bl, we rule out an off-axis jet with an energy of ≳ 1051 erg in circumburst densities of ≳ 10−1 cm−3. We predict that well-spaced monitoring of newly discovered SNe Ic-bl from ∼ 10 days to ∼ 10 years (rest frame) to luminosities of ∼ 1027 erg s−1 Hz−1 will constrain the existence of highly off-axis jets (≳ 60◦) with classical GRB energies. The VLA Sky Survey will probe jets that are ≲ 60◦ off-axis, whereas the Deep Synpotic Array 2000 will probe jets out to ∼ 90◦ off-axis, demonstrating the importance of utilizing radio surveys to supplement targeted observations.

@misc{schroeder_late-time_2025,
	title = {A {Late}-time {Radio} {Search} for {Highly} {Off}-axis {Jets} from {PTF} {Broad}-lined {Ic} {Supernovae} in {GRB}-like {Host} {Galaxy} {Environments}},
	url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2507.15928},
	doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2507.15928},
	abstract = {Hydrogen/Helium-poor stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae with broad lines (SNe Ic-bl) almost always accompany the nearby (z {\textless} 0.3) jetted relativistic explosions known as long duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). However, the majority of SNe Ic-bl have no detected GRB counterpart. At least some of these SNe should harbor off-axis jets, whose afterglow may become detectable at late times, particularly at radio wavelengths. Here, we present Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array radio observations (rest frame times of ∼ 3–4 × 103 days post SN discovery) of a sample of 14 SNe Ic-bl discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) that have been demonstrated to originate from the same host environments as the SNe Ic-bl associated with nearby GRBs. Of the 14 SNe, we identify three that are radio detected, one of which (PTF10tqv, z = 0.0795) is consistent with an off-axis jet with energy similar to classical GRBs (≳ 1050.5 erg). Using recently developed synchrotron radiation code, we find that for our 11 non-detections, which are among the deepest limits obtained for Ic-bl, we rule out an off-axis jet with an energy of ≳ 1051 erg in circumburst densities of ≳ 10−1 cm−3. We predict that well-spaced monitoring of newly discovered SNe Ic-bl from ∼ 10 days to ∼ 10 years (rest frame) to luminosities of ∼ 1027 erg s−1 Hz−1 will constrain the existence of highly off-axis jets (≳ 60◦) with classical GRB energies. The VLA Sky Survey will probe jets that are ≲ 60◦ off-axis, whereas the Deep Synpotic Array 2000 will probe jets out to ∼ 90◦ off-axis, demonstrating the importance of utilizing radio surveys to supplement targeted observations.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2025-08-28},
	publisher = {arXiv},
	author = {Schroeder, Genevieve and Ho, Anna Y. Q. and Dastidar, Ranadeep G. and Modjaz, Maryam and Corsi, Alessandra and Duffell, Paul C.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2025},
	note = {arXiv:2507.15928 [astro-ph]},
	keywords = {Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Explorable},
}

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Here, we present Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array radio observations (rest frame times of ∼ 3–4 × 103 days post SN discovery) of a sample of 14 SNe Ic-bl discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) that have been demonstrated to originate from the same host environments as the SNe Ic-bl associated with nearby GRBs. Of the 14 SNe, we identify three that are radio detected, one of which (PTF10tqv, z = 0.0795) is consistent with an off-axis jet with energy similar to classical GRBs (≳ 1050.5 erg). Using recently developed synchrotron radiation code, we find that for our 11 non-detections, which are among the deepest limits obtained for Ic-bl, we rule out an off-axis jet with an energy of ≳ 1051 erg in circumburst densities of ≳ 10−1 cm−3. We predict that well-spaced monitoring of newly discovered SNe Ic-bl from ∼ 10 days to ∼ 10 years (rest frame) to luminosities of ∼ 1027 erg s−1 Hz−1 will constrain the existence of highly off-axis jets (≳ 60◦) with classical GRB energies. 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