A Late-time Radio Search for Highly Off-axis Jets from PTF Broad-lined Ic Supernovae in GRB-like Host Galaxy Environments. Schroeder, G., Ho, A. Y. Q., Dastidar, R. G., Modjaz, M., Corsi, A., & Duffell, P. C. The Astrophysical Journal, 995(1):61, December, 2025. ![A Late-time Radio Search for Highly Off-axis Jets from PTF Broad-lined Ic Supernovae in GRB-like Host Galaxy Environments [link]](https://bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg "link")
Paper doi abstract bibtex Hydrogen/helium-poor stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae with broad lines (SNe Ic-bl) almost always accompany the nearby (z \textless 0.3) jetted relativistic explosions known as long duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). However, the majority of SNe Ic-bl have no detected GRB counterpart. At least some of these SNe should harbor off-axis jets, whose afterglow may become detectable at late times, particularly at radio wavelengths. Here, we present Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) radio observations (rest-frame times of ∼3–4 × 103 days post SN discovery) of a sample of 14 SNe Ic-bl discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) that have been demonstrated to originate from the same host environments as the SNe Ic-bl associated with nearby GRBs. Of the 14 SNe, we identify three that are radio detected, one of which (PTF10tqv, z = 0.0795) is consistent with an offaxis jet with energy similar to classical GRBs (∼1051–1051.7 erg). Using recently developed synchrotron radiation code, we find that for our 11 nondetections, which are among the deepest limits obtained for Ic-bl, we rule out an off-axis jet with an energy of ≳1051 erg in circumburst densities of ≳10−1 cm−3. We predict that well-spaced monitoring of newly discovered SNe Ic-bl from ∼10 days to ∼10 yr (rest frame) to luminosities of ∼1027 erg s−1 Hz−1 will constrain the existence of highly off-axis jets (≳60°) with classical GRB energies. The VLA Sky Survey will probe jets that are ≲60° off-axis, whereas the Deep Synpotic Array 2000 will probe jets out to ∼90° off-axis, demonstrating the importance of utilizing radio surveys to supplement targeted observations.
@article{schroeder_late-time_2025,
title = {A {Late}-time {Radio} {Search} for {Highly} {Off}-axis {Jets} from {PTF} {Broad}-lined {Ic} {Supernovae} in {GRB}-like {Host} {Galaxy} {Environments}},
volume = {995},
issn = {0004-637X, 1538-4357},
url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ae129b},
doi = {10.3847/1538-4357/ae129b},
abstract = {Hydrogen/helium-poor stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae with broad lines (SNe Ic-bl) almost always accompany the nearby (z {\textless} 0.3) jetted relativistic explosions known as long duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). However, the majority of SNe Ic-bl have no detected GRB counterpart. At least some of these SNe should harbor off-axis jets, whose afterglow may become detectable at late times, particularly at radio wavelengths. Here, we present Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) radio observations (rest-frame times of ∼3–4 × 103 days post SN discovery) of a sample of 14 SNe Ic-bl discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) that have been demonstrated to originate from the same host environments as the SNe Ic-bl associated with nearby GRBs. Of the 14 SNe, we identify three that are radio detected, one of which (PTF10tqv, z = 0.0795) is consistent with an offaxis jet with energy similar to classical GRBs (∼1051–1051.7 erg). Using recently developed synchrotron radiation code, we find that for our 11 nondetections, which are among the deepest limits obtained for Ic-bl, we rule out an off-axis jet with an energy of ≳1051 erg in circumburst densities of ≳10−1 cm−3. We predict that well-spaced monitoring of newly discovered SNe Ic-bl from ∼10 days to ∼10 yr (rest frame) to luminosities of ∼1027 erg s−1 Hz−1 will constrain the existence of highly off-axis jets (≳60°) with classical GRB energies. The VLA Sky Survey will probe jets that are ≲60° off-axis, whereas the Deep Synpotic Array 2000 will probe jets out to ∼90° off-axis, demonstrating the importance of utilizing radio surveys to supplement targeted observations.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2026-05-05},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal},
author = {Schroeder, Genevieve and Ho, Anna Y. Q. and Dastidar, Ranadeep G. and Modjaz, Maryam and Corsi, Alessandra and Duffell, Paul C.},
month = dec,
year = {2025},
keywords = {SYS: CosmicAI Contact Author, Use-Inspired, WG: Explorable},
pages = {61},
}
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At least some of these SNe should harbor off-axis jets, whose afterglow may become detectable at late times, particularly at radio wavelengths. Here, we present Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) radio observations (rest-frame times of ∼3–4 × 103 days post SN discovery) of a sample of 14 SNe Ic-bl discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) that have been demonstrated to originate from the same host environments as the SNe Ic-bl associated with nearby GRBs. Of the 14 SNe, we identify three that are radio detected, one of which (PTF10tqv, z = 0.0795) is consistent with an offaxis jet with energy similar to classical GRBs (∼1051–1051.7 erg). Using recently developed synchrotron radiation code, we find that for our 11 nondetections, which are among the deepest limits obtained for Ic-bl, we rule out an off-axis jet with an energy of ≳1051 erg in circumburst densities of ≳10−1 cm−3. We predict that well-spaced monitoring of newly discovered SNe Ic-bl from ∼10 days to ∼10 yr (rest frame) to luminosities of ∼1027 erg s−1 Hz−1 will constrain the existence of highly off-axis jets (≳60°) with classical GRB energies. 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