Electrical stimulation of mammalian retinal cells with multielectrode arrays. Sekirnjak, C., Hottowy, P., Sher, A., Dabrowski, W., Litke, A. M., & Chichilnisky, E. J. J. Neurophysiology, 95:3311-27, 2006. abstract bibtex The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA. Existing epiretinal implants for the blind are designed to electrically stimulate large groups of surviving retinal neurons using a small number of electrodes with diameters of several hundred microm. To increase the spatial resolution of artificial sight, electrodes much smaller than those currently in use are desirable. In this study we stimulated and recorded ganglion cells in isolated pieces of rat, guinea pig, and monkey retina. We utilized micro-fabricated hexagonal arrays of 61 platinum disk electrodes with diameters between 6 and 25 microm, spaced 60 microm apart. Charge-balanced current pulses evoked one or two spikes at latencies as short as 0.2 ms, and typically only one or a few recorded ganglion cells were stimulated. Application of several synaptic blockers did not abolish the evoked responses, implying direct activation of ganglion cells. Threshold charge densities were typically below 0.1 mC/cm(2) for a pulse duration of 100 micros, corresponding to charge thresholds of less than 100 pC. Stimulation remained effective after several hours and at high frequencies. To demonstrate that closely spaced electrodes can elicit independent ganglion cell responses, we utilized the multi-electrode array to stimulate several nearby ganglion cells simultaneously. From these data we conclude that electrical stimulation of mammalian retina with small-diameter electrode arrays is achievable and can provide high temporal and spatial precision at low charge densities. We review previous epiretinal stimulation studies and discuss our results in the context of 32 other publications, comparing threshold parameters and safety limits.
@article{ Sekirnjak_etal06,
author = {Sekirnjak, C. and Hottowy, P. and Sher, A. and Dabrowski, W. and
Litke, A. M. and Chichilnisky, E. J.},
title = {Electrical stimulation of mammalian retinal cells with multielectrode
arrays},
journal = {J. Neurophysiology},
year = {2006},
volume = {95},
pages = {3311-27},
abstract = {The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA. Existing
epiretinal implants for the blind are designed to electrically stimulate
large groups of surviving retinal neurons using a small number of
electrodes with diameters of several hundred microm. To increase
the spatial resolution of artificial sight, electrodes much smaller
than those currently in use are desirable. In this study we stimulated
and recorded ganglion cells in isolated pieces of rat, guinea pig,
and monkey retina. We utilized micro-fabricated hexagonal arrays
of 61 platinum disk electrodes with diameters between 6 and 25 microm,
spaced 60 microm apart. Charge-balanced current pulses evoked one
or two spikes at latencies as short as 0.2 ms, and typically only
one or a few recorded ganglion cells were stimulated. Application
of several synaptic blockers did not abolish the evoked responses,
implying direct activation of ganglion cells. Threshold charge densities
were typically below 0.1 mC/cm(2) for a pulse duration of 100 micros,
corresponding to charge thresholds of less than 100 pC. Stimulation
remained effective after several hours and at high frequencies. To
demonstrate that closely spaced electrodes can elicit independent
ganglion cell responses, we utilized the multi-electrode array to
stimulate several nearby ganglion cells simultaneously. From these
data we conclude that electrical stimulation of mammalian retina
with small-diameter electrode arrays is achievable and can provide
high temporal and spatial precision at low charge densities. We review
previous epiretinal stimulation studies and discuss our results in
the context of 32 other publications, comparing threshold parameters
and safety limits. },
issue = {6}
}
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In this study we stimulated and recorded ganglion cells in isolated pieces of rat, guinea pig, and monkey retina. We utilized micro-fabricated hexagonal arrays of 61 platinum disk electrodes with diameters between 6 and 25 microm, spaced 60 microm apart. Charge-balanced current pulses evoked one or two spikes at latencies as short as 0.2 ms, and typically only one or a few recorded ganglion cells were stimulated. Application of several synaptic blockers did not abolish the evoked responses, implying direct activation of ganglion cells. Threshold charge densities were typically below 0.1 mC/cm(2) for a pulse duration of 100 micros, corresponding to charge thresholds of less than 100 pC. Stimulation remained effective after several hours and at high frequencies. To demonstrate that closely spaced electrodes can elicit independent ganglion cell responses, we utilized the multi-electrode array to stimulate several nearby ganglion cells simultaneously. 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Neurophysiology},\n year = {2006},\n volume = {95},\n pages = {3311-27},\n abstract = {The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA. Existing\n\tepiretinal implants for the blind are designed to electrically stimulate\n\tlarge groups of surviving retinal neurons using a small number of\n\telectrodes with diameters of several hundred microm. To increase\n\tthe spatial resolution of artificial sight, electrodes much smaller\n\tthan those currently in use are desirable. In this study we stimulated\n\tand recorded ganglion cells in isolated pieces of rat, guinea pig,\n\tand monkey retina. We utilized micro-fabricated hexagonal arrays\n\tof 61 platinum disk electrodes with diameters between 6 and 25 microm,\n\tspaced 60 microm apart. Charge-balanced current pulses evoked one\n\tor two spikes at latencies as short as 0.2 ms, and typically only\n\tone or a few recorded ganglion cells were stimulated. Application\n\tof several synaptic blockers did not abolish the evoked responses,\n\timplying direct activation of ganglion cells. Threshold charge densities\n\twere typically below 0.1 mC/cm(2) for a pulse duration of 100 micros,\n\tcorresponding to charge thresholds of less than 100 pC. Stimulation\n\tremained effective after several hours and at high frequencies. To\n\tdemonstrate that closely spaced electrodes can elicit independent\n\tganglion cell responses, we utilized the multi-electrode array to\n\tstimulate several nearby ganglion cells simultaneously. From these\n\tdata we conclude that electrical stimulation of mammalian retina\n\twith small-diameter electrode arrays is achievable and can provide\n\thigh temporal and spatial precision at low charge densities. 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