European population substructure: clustering of northern and southern populations. Seldin, M., F., Shigeta, R., Villoslada, P., Selmi, C., Tuomilehto, J., Silva, G., Belmont, J., W., Klareskog, L., & Gregersen, P., K. PLoS genetics, 2(9):e143, 9, 2006.
European population substructure: clustering of northern and southern populations. [pdf]Paper  European population substructure: clustering of northern and southern populations. [link]Website  abstract   bibtex   
Using a genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel, we observed population structure in a diverse group of Europeans and European Americans. Under a variety of conditions and tests, there is a consistent and reproducible distinction between "northern" and "southern" European population groups: most individual participants with southern European ancestry (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Greek) have >85% membership in the "southern" population; and most northern, western, eastern, and central Europeans have >90% in the "northern" population group. Ashkenazi Jewish as well as Sephardic Jewish origin also showed >85% membership in the "southern" population, consistent with a later Mediterranean origin of these ethnic groups. Based on this work, we have developed a core set of informative SNP markers that can control for this partition in European population structure in a variety of clinical and genetic studies.

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