@phdthesis{shaughnessyHistoricalEcologyAlien1980,
  title = {Historical Ecology of Alien Woody Plants in the Vicinity of {{Cape Town}}, {{South Africa}}},
  author = {Shaughnessy, G. L.},
  year = {1980},
  abstract = {The reasons for the success of certain alien plant species in the vicinity of Cape Town (i.e. the northern Cape Peninsula and the adjoining Cape Flats) are examined by a consideration of their history at the hands of man. Attention is focussed on 13 woody species that are considered to threaten the natural macchia-type vegetation (fynbos) of the region. They comprise Acacia (6 spp.), Albizia lophantha, Hakea (3 spp.) and Leptosperanum laevigatum, all from Australia, and Pinus (2 spp.) from the Mediterranean region. The method of approach is historical and the research is based primarily on manuscript documents in the Cape Archives used in conjunction with annual reports of governmental bodies, especially the forestry authorities, and other contemporary accounts. The date of the first known occurrence of each of the species in the south-western Cape is documented, the earliest being the period 1685-1693 for Pinus pinaster and the latest 1865 for Acacia pycnantha. The introduction of most of the species is shown to be related to the intense interest in exotic plants that was characteristic of Britain and its colonies in the early and middle 19th century. A major outcome of the research is the presentation of a chronology of man's relationship with these species from 1845 to 1975. This includes information on the history of the development of Cape Town, its suburbs and the surrounding areas. It is shown that planting by man has been a major factor in dispersing Acacia cyclops, A. saligna, Hakea suaveolens and Pinus pinaster in the region. On the other hand, man has played only a minor role in the spread of Acacia longifolia, Albizia lophantha and Hakea sericea. Man's role in regard to the other six species is considered to be intermediate between those two categories. It is shown that on the Cape Flats control of drifting sand is not the only purpose for which acacias have been planted in the past (as is popularly believed). They were also planted on a large scale for the production of tannin and as shelter for plantations of pines. Areas where such planting occurred were not denuded sand drifts; in fact, the natural vegetation was removed to make way for the alien species. So-called "afforestation" of the eastern side of the Cape Flats with Acacia cyclops and A. saligna in the 20th century is shown to be a major cause of the present wide distribution of those species. It is clear from this study that plantations of pines were formerly much more extensive on the mountains of the Cape Peninsula than now. Therefore stands of pines existent today in many cases represent abandoned plantations, not invasions from elsewhere. A comparison of the present distribution of alien species on Table Mountain with that recorded in the chronology presented here suggests that only Acacia longifolia, Albizia lophantha and Hakea sericea are unequivocally invasive in that habitat. The distribution of other species is attributable more to the activities of man than to the invasiveness.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13504672,alien-species,forest-species,invasive-species,southern-africa},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13504672},
  school = {University of Cape Town}
}

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Attention is focussed on 13 woody species that are considered to threaten the natural macchia-type vegetation (fynbos) of the region. They comprise Acacia (6 spp.), Albizia lophantha, Hakea (3 spp.) and Leptosperanum laevigatum, all from Australia, and Pinus (2 spp.) from the Mediterranean region. The method of approach is historical and the research is based primarily on manuscript documents in the Cape Archives used in conjunction with annual reports of governmental bodies, especially the forestry authorities, and other contemporary accounts. The date of the first known occurrence of each of the species in the south-western Cape is documented, the earliest being the period 1685-1693 for Pinus pinaster and the latest 1865 for Acacia pycnantha. The introduction of most of the species is shown to be related to the intense interest in exotic plants that was characteristic of Britain and its colonies in the early and middle 19th century. A major outcome of the research is the presentation of a chronology of man's relationship with these species from 1845 to 1975. This includes information on the history of the development of Cape Town, its suburbs and the surrounding areas. It is shown that planting by man has been a major factor in dispersing Acacia cyclops, A. saligna, Hakea suaveolens and Pinus pinaster in the region. On the other hand, man has played only a minor role in the spread of Acacia longifolia, Albizia lophantha and Hakea sericea. Man's role in regard to the other six species is considered to be intermediate between those two categories. It is shown that on the Cape Flats control of drifting sand is not the only purpose for which acacias have been planted in the past (as is popularly believed). They were also planted on a large scale for the production of tannin and as shelter for plantations of pines. Areas where such planting occurred were not denuded sand drifts; in fact, the natural vegetation was removed to make way for the alien species. So-called \"afforestation\" of the eastern side of the Cape Flats with Acacia cyclops and A. saligna in the 20th century is shown to be a major cause of the present wide distribution of those species. It is clear from this study that plantations of pines were formerly much more extensive on the mountains of the Cape Peninsula than now. Therefore stands of pines existent today in many cases represent abandoned plantations, not invasions from elsewhere. A comparison of the present distribution of alien species on Table Mountain with that recorded in the chronology presented here suggests that only Acacia longifolia, Albizia lophantha and Hakea sericea are unequivocally invasive in that habitat. 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They comprise Acacia (6 spp.), Albizia lophantha, Hakea (3 spp.) and Leptosperanum laevigatum, all from Australia, and Pinus (2 spp.) from the Mediterranean region. The method of approach is historical and the research is based primarily on manuscript documents in the Cape Archives used in conjunction with annual reports of governmental bodies, especially the forestry authorities, and other contemporary accounts. The date of the first known occurrence of each of the species in the south-western Cape is documented, the earliest being the period 1685-1693 for Pinus pinaster and the latest 1865 for Acacia pycnantha. The introduction of most of the species is shown to be related to the intense interest in exotic plants that was characteristic of Britain and its colonies in the early and middle 19th century. A major outcome of the research is the presentation of a chronology of man's relationship with these species from 1845 to 1975. This includes information on the history of the development of Cape Town, its suburbs and the surrounding areas. It is shown that planting by man has been a major factor in dispersing Acacia cyclops, A. saligna, Hakea suaveolens and Pinus pinaster in the region. On the other hand, man has played only a minor role in the spread of Acacia longifolia, Albizia lophantha and Hakea sericea. Man's role in regard to the other six species is considered to be intermediate between those two categories. It is shown that on the Cape Flats control of drifting sand is not the only purpose for which acacias have been planted in the past (as is popularly believed). They were also planted on a large scale for the production of tannin and as shelter for plantations of pines. Areas where such planting occurred were not denuded sand drifts; in fact, the natural vegetation was removed to make way for the alien species. So-called \"afforestation\" of the eastern side of the Cape Flats with Acacia cyclops and A. saligna in the 20th century is shown to be a major cause of the present wide distribution of those species. It is clear from this study that plantations of pines were formerly much more extensive on the mountains of the Cape Peninsula than now. Therefore stands of pines existent today in many cases represent abandoned plantations, not invasions from elsewhere. A comparison of the present distribution of alien species on Table Mountain with that recorded in the chronology presented here suggests that only Acacia longifolia, Albizia lophantha and Hakea sericea are unequivocally invasive in that habitat. 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