@incollection{shawBetulaMaximowiczianaVersion2014,
  title = {Betula Maximowicziana - {{Version}} 2014.3},
  booktitle = {The {{IUCN Red List}} of {{Threatened Species}}},
  author = {Shaw, K. and Roy, S. and Wilson, B.},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {194578/0+},
  abstract = {[Excerpt] The Red Data Book of the Russian Federation lists this species as Endangered in Russia, however, that is a national assessment and the distribution of this species in Russia is very limited. This species has a fairly wide distribution, no known threats and globally it is not considered to be threatened. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern. [::Common Name(s)] [::]English - Monarch Birch [::Range Description] This species occurs on the Pacific coast of Russia and in Japan, from the Kuril Islands (Russia) to Honshu and Hokkaido (Japan). [::Countries] Native:Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu); Russian Federation (Kuril Is.) [::Population] This species appears to have relatively little genetic diversity, but some differentiation among subpopulations. This suggests that the subpopulations have been through significant bottlenecks in the past with episodes of small population size. Natural regeneration of this species depends mainly on the previous year's seed production, but the species has been shown to have a persistent seed bank with over 16\,\% of buried seed being viable after six years. This means that there is always seed present in the soil, even in years when no seeds are produced, to take advantage of any disturbance which provides favourable conditions for seed germination. [::Habitat and Ecology] This species is a large, fast growing, long lived pioneer tree species which can reach heights of 30 m and has magnificent foliage. It occurs in mixed cool temperate forests at low altitude and is often dominant. This species appears to be more drought tolerant than many other birches. [::Use and Trade] It is a major timber-producing tree in Japan and is commonly cultivated as an ornamental tree. [::Major Threat(s)] There are no reported major current threats to this species.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13621334,betula-maximowicziana,conservation,forest-resources,iucn,iucn-least-concern-lc},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13621334}
}

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This species has a fairly wide distribution, no known threats and globally it is not considered to be threatened. It is therefore assessed as Least Concern. [::Common Name(s)] [::]English - Monarch Birch [::Range Description] This species occurs on the Pacific coast of Russia and in Japan, from the Kuril Islands (Russia) to Honshu and Hokkaido (Japan). [::Countries] Native:Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu); Russian Federation (Kuril Is.) [::Population] This species appears to have relatively little genetic diversity, but some differentiation among subpopulations. This suggests that the subpopulations have been through significant bottlenecks in the past with episodes of small population size. Natural regeneration of this species depends mainly on the previous year's seed production, but the species has been shown to have a persistent seed bank with over 16\\,% of buried seed being viable after six years. This means that there is always seed present in the soil, even in years when no seeds are produced, to take advantage of any disturbance which provides favourable conditions for seed germination. [::Habitat and Ecology] This species is a large, fast growing, long lived pioneer tree species which can reach heights of 30 m and has magnificent foliage. It occurs in mixed cool temperate forests at low altitude and is often dominant. This species appears to be more drought tolerant than many other birches. [::Use and Trade] It is a major timber-producing tree in Japan and is commonly cultivated as an ornamental tree. 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[::Common Name(s)] [::]English - Monarch Birch [::Range Description] This species occurs on the Pacific coast of Russia and in Japan, from the Kuril Islands (Russia) to Honshu and Hokkaido (Japan). [::Countries] Native:Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu); Russian Federation (Kuril Is.) [::Population] This species appears to have relatively little genetic diversity, but some differentiation among subpopulations. This suggests that the subpopulations have been through significant bottlenecks in the past with episodes of small population size. Natural regeneration of this species depends mainly on the previous year's seed production, but the species has been shown to have a persistent seed bank with over 16\\,\\% of buried seed being viable after six years. This means that there is always seed present in the soil, even in years when no seeds are produced, to take advantage of any disturbance which provides favourable conditions for seed germination. [::Habitat and Ecology] This species is a large, fast growing, long lived pioneer tree species which can reach heights of 30 m and has magnificent foliage. It occurs in mixed cool temperate forests at low altitude and is often dominant. This species appears to be more drought tolerant than many other birches. [::Use and Trade] It is a major timber-producing tree in Japan and is commonly cultivated as an ornamental tree. 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