Alnus Incana - Version 2014.3. Shaw, K., Wilson, B., & Roy, S. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, pages 194472/0+. 2014.
abstract   bibtex   
[Excerpt] This species has a NatureServe Global Status of Secure, however the State Conservation Status of this species is Imperiled in Virginia and Vulnerable in Wyoming.~It is listed as Least Concern in the National Red Lists of Estonia, Norway and Switzerland. This species has a very wide distribution and, although it is thought to be sensitive to local extinctions, there are no major threats impacting this species across its full range. It is therefore not considered to be threatened and is evaluated as Least Concern. Monitoring is advised to respond to any increases in threats. [::Common Name(s)] [::]English - Grey alder [::Range Description] This species has a wide distribution. It is native to mainland Europe, Russia and the Caucasus, and ranges over much of the eastern two-thirds of Canada and into Alberta, British Columbia, Mackenzie and Yukon. In the USA, it reaches into the Lake States and northeast and as far south (at higher elevations) as Iowa, West Virginia, Maryland and Virginia. [::Countries] Native:Albania; Armenia (Armenia); Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); Croatia; Czech Republic; Estonia; Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Moldova; Montenegro; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, Chechnya, Dagestan, East European Russia, Ingushetiya, Kabardino-Balkariya, Kaliningrad, Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, Krasnodar, North European Russia, Severo-Osetiya, South European Russia, Stavropol, West Siberia); Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia); Ukraine; United States (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming) [::Population] There is no detailed population information available for this widespread species. [::Habitat and Ecology] Occurring as a multi-stemmed deciduous shrub or (less commonly) as a small tree (15-20 m), this species regenerates by forming a cluster of suckers around its base.~Alnus incana~colonizes stream banks, lake shores and damp meadows and also occurs in bogs and nutrient-rich swamp communities. It is weedy in damp areas along roadsides and other disturbed sites. It grows abundantly in various soil types, from sandy to gravelly, loamy, clayey and mucky, and it can tolerate periods of flooding as well as occasional droughts. It often dominates the understorey in communities of black spruce, balsam fir, jack pine, tamarack, northern white-cedar, balsam poplar and birch-aspen, but growth and reproduction occur most vigorously in full sun. Overstorey removal brings rapid release of A. incana, which may form dense, nearly pure thickets. Gaps created by fire and logging in these wetland forests are quickly invaded by this species. [::Use and Trade] Alnus incana~is used locally for fuel but the wood has no commercial value. Rapid growth in open habitats, wide tolerance to soil types, and potential for soil conditioning makes this species useful in restoration of disturbed sites, including old mines and to consolidate the ground in wet woods, on river-banks and on unstable slopes. It is also used for protection\textasciitilde from frost and wind in fruit orchards. Alnus incana~thickets provide cover and browsing material for moose, beavers, white-tailed deer, rabbits and other animals. Songbirds, including redpolls, goldfinches, woodcock and grouse eat the seeds, buds and catkins. Beavers build dams and lodges with this species. This species is a food source for many species of insect.~Historically, native Americans used A. incana medicinally to treat multiple ailments including anemia, urinary problems, sprains, bruises or backaches. It was also reported to be mixed with powdered bumblebees as an aid for difficult labour. The wood of this species was also pounded into a powder to produce a red dye. [::Major Threat(s)] A lack of sexual regeneration, confinement to a narrow range of ground conditions (natural fragmentation) and inability of range expansion in response to short-term climatic oscillation renders this species highly sensitive to local extinctions for both biotic and abiotic reasons. In response to a changing climate, this species may be losing ground altitudinally, however, this is thought to be a very slow process.~This species has been affected by Phytophthora alni~causing canker, collar rot and dieback but it is recorded as the most resistant European Alnus~species~to this new disease. It is unknown to what extent this disease will affect this species.
@incollection{shawAlnusIncanaVersion2014,
  title = {Alnus Incana - {{Version}} 2014.3},
  booktitle = {The {{IUCN Red List}} of {{Threatened Species}}},
  author = {Shaw, K. and Wilson, B. and Roy, S.},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {194472/0+},
  abstract = {[Excerpt] This species has a NatureServe Global Status of Secure, however the State Conservation Status of this species is Imperiled in Virginia and Vulnerable in Wyoming.~It is listed as Least Concern in the National Red Lists of Estonia, Norway and Switzerland. This species has a very wide distribution and, although it is thought to be sensitive to local extinctions, there are no major threats impacting this species across its full range. It is therefore not considered to be threatened and is evaluated as Least Concern. Monitoring is advised to respond to any increases in threats. [::Common Name(s)] [::]English - Grey alder [::Range Description] This species has a wide distribution. It is native to mainland Europe, Russia and the Caucasus, and ranges over much of the eastern two-thirds of Canada and into Alberta, British Columbia, Mackenzie and Yukon. In the USA, it reaches into the Lake States and northeast and as far south (at higher elevations) as Iowa, West Virginia, Maryland and Virginia. [::Countries] Native:Albania; Armenia (Armenia); Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Qu\'ebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); Croatia; Czech Republic; Estonia; Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Hungary; Italy; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Lithuania; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Moldova; Montenegro; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Romania; Russian Federation (Central European Russia, Chechnya, Dagestan, East European Russia, Ingushetiya, Kabardino-Balkariya, Kaliningrad, Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, Krasnodar, North European Russia, Severo-Osetiya, South European Russia, Stavropol, West Siberia); Saint Pierre and Miquelon; Serbia (Serbia); Slovakia; Slovenia; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey (Turkey-in-Asia); Ukraine; United States (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming) [::Population] There is no detailed population information available for this widespread species. [::Habitat and Ecology] Occurring as a multi-stemmed deciduous shrub or (less commonly) as a small tree (15-20 m), this species regenerates by forming a cluster of suckers around its base.~Alnus incana~colonizes stream banks, lake shores and damp meadows and also occurs in bogs and nutrient-rich swamp communities. It is weedy in damp areas along roadsides and other disturbed sites. It grows abundantly in various soil types, from sandy to gravelly, loamy, clayey and mucky, and it can tolerate periods of flooding as well as occasional droughts. It often dominates the understorey in communities of black spruce, balsam fir, jack pine, tamarack, northern white-cedar, balsam poplar and birch-aspen, but growth and reproduction occur most vigorously in full sun. Overstorey removal brings rapid release of A. incana, which may form dense, nearly pure thickets. Gaps created by fire and logging in these wetland forests are quickly invaded by this species. [::Use and Trade] Alnus incana~is used locally for fuel but the wood has no commercial value. Rapid growth in open habitats, wide tolerance to soil types, and potential for soil conditioning makes this species useful in restoration of disturbed sites, including old mines and to consolidate the ground in wet woods, on river-banks and on unstable slopes. It is also used for protection\textasciitilde{} from frost and wind in fruit orchards. Alnus incana~thickets provide cover and browsing material for moose, beavers, white-tailed deer, rabbits and other animals. Songbirds, including redpolls, goldfinches, woodcock and grouse eat the seeds, buds and catkins. Beavers build dams and lodges with this species. This species is a food source for many species of insect.~Historically, native Americans used A. incana medicinally to treat multiple ailments including anemia, urinary problems, sprains, bruises or backaches. It was also reported to be mixed with powdered bumblebees as an aid for difficult labour. The wood of this species was also pounded into a powder to produce a red dye. [::Major Threat(s)] A lack of sexual regeneration, confinement to a narrow range of ground conditions (natural fragmentation) and inability of range expansion in response to short-term climatic oscillation renders this species highly sensitive to local extinctions for both biotic and abiotic reasons. In response to a changing climate, this species may be losing ground altitudinally, however, this is thought to be a very slow process.~This species has been affected by Phytophthora alni~causing canker, collar rot and dieback but it is recorded as the most resistant European Alnus~species~to this new disease. It is unknown to what extent this disease will affect this species.},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13621301,alnus-incana,conservation,forest-resources,iucn,iucn-least-concern-lc},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13621301}
}
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