GGDEF and EAL domains inversely regulate cyclic di-GMP levels and transition from sessility to motility. Simm, R., Morr, M., Kader, A., Nimtz, M., & Römling, U. Molecular Microbiology, 53(4):1123--1134, August, 2004.
GGDEF and EAL domains inversely regulate cyclic di-GMP levels and transition from sessility to motility [link]Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   
Cyclic nucleotides represent second messenger molecules in all kingdoms of life. In bacteria, mass sequencing of genomes detected the highly abundant protein domains GGDEF and EAL. We show here that the GGDEF and EAL domains are involved in the turnover of cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) in vivo whereby the GGDEF domain stimulates c-di-GMP production and the EAL domain c-di-GMP degradation. Thus, most probably, GGDEF domains function as c-di-GMP cyclase and EAL domains as phosphdiesterase. We further show that, in the pathogenic organism Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, the nosocomial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the commensal species Escherichia coli, GGDEF and EAL domains mediate similar phenotypic changes related to the transition between sessility and motility. Thus, the data suggest that c-di-GMP is a novel global second messenger in bacteria the metabolism of which is controlled by GGDEF and EAL domain proteins.
@article{simm_ggdef_2004,
	title = {{GGDEF} and {EAL} domains inversely regulate cyclic di-{GMP} levels and transition from sessility to motility},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0950-382X},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15306016},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04206.x},
	abstract = {Cyclic nucleotides represent second messenger molecules in all kingdoms of life. In bacteria, mass sequencing of genomes detected the highly abundant protein domains GGDEF and EAL. We show here that the GGDEF and EAL domains are involved in the turnover of cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) in vivo whereby the GGDEF domain stimulates c-di-GMP production and the EAL domain c-di-GMP degradation. Thus, most probably, GGDEF domains function as c-di-GMP cyclase and EAL domains as phosphdiesterase. We further show that, in the pathogenic organism Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, the nosocomial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the commensal species Escherichia coli, GGDEF and EAL domains mediate similar phenotypic changes related to the transition between sessility and motility. Thus, the data suggest that c-di-GMP is a novel global second messenger in bacteria the metabolism of which is controlled by GGDEF and EAL domain proteins.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2009-10-03TZ},
	journal = {Molecular Microbiology},
	author = {Simm, Roger and Morr, Michael and Kader, Abdul and Nimtz, Manfred and Römling, Ute},
	month = aug,
	year = {2004},
	pmid = {15306016},
	keywords = {Cyclic GMP, Escherichia coli, Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial, Gram-Negative Bacteria, Humans, Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases, Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Second Messenger Systems},
	pages = {1123--1134}
}

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