@article{sivasankaran_agn_2025,
	title = {{AGN} feedback in merging galaxies with a {SMUGGLE} multiphase {ISM}},
	volume = {545},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf2044},
	abstract = {We study fast nuclear winds driven by Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) feedback in merging galaxies using high-resolution hydrodynamics simulations. We Stars and MUltiphase Gas in GaLaxiEs (SMUGGLE) to explicitly model the multiphase interstellar medium (ISM) and employ sub-grid dynamical friction for massive black holes (BHs). Furthermore, we use a super-Lagrangian refinement scheme to resolve AGN feedback coupling to the ISM at ∼ 10 − 100 pc scales. By comparison between merging and isolated galaxies, with and without AGN feedback, we identify trends in the complex interplay between dynamics, BH fueling and feedback, and star formation and feedback. We consider three galaxy types: Milky Way analogs, Sbc-type galaxies, and Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) analogs. The synergy between AGN feedback and merger dynamics is strongest in the Milky Way-like mergers, where the AGN winds are energetically dominant and entrain more gas when the initially thin disks become thick and amorphous during the merger. In contrast, the merger of thicker, vigorously star-forming Sbc galaxies is not strongly impacted by AGN feedback until star formation declines in the post-merger phase. Finally, while the sub-grid dynamical friction prescription effectively retains BHs in galactic nuclei during more massive mergers, the clumpy multiphase ISM induces significant wandering of low-mass BHs ({\textless} 105M⊙) in the shallow potentials of the SMC-like galaxies. These low-mass BHs wander at distances ≳ 2 kpc from the galactic center, yielding negligible BH accretion and feedback. This has implications for LISA event rates and present a further challenge to understanding the rapid growth of 𝑧 ∼ 7 − 10 quasars discovered by JWST.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
	author = {Sivasankaran, Aneesh and Blecha, Laura and Torrey, Paul and Kelley, Luke Zoltan and Bhowmick, Aklant and Vogelsberger, Mark and Hernquist, Lars and Marinacci, Federico and Sales, Laura V},
	month = nov,
	year = {2025},
	keywords = {Explainable},
}

{"_id":"NEe7NstJqvYmRYKf2","bibbaseid":"sivasankaran-blecha-torrey-kelley-bhowmick-vogelsberger-hernquist-marinacci-etal-agnfeedbackinmerginggalaxieswithasmugglemultiphaseism-2025","author_short":["Sivasankaran, A.","Blecha, L.","Torrey, P.","Kelley, L. Z.","Bhowmick, A.","Vogelsberger, M.","Hernquist, L.","Marinacci, F.","Sales, L. V"],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","title":"AGN feedback in merging galaxies with a SMUGGLE multiphase ISM","volume":"545","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf2044","abstract":"We study fast nuclear winds driven by Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) feedback in merging galaxies using high-resolution hydrodynamics simulations. We Stars and MUltiphase Gas in GaLaxiEs (SMUGGLE) to explicitly model the multiphase interstellar medium (ISM) and employ sub-grid dynamical friction for massive black holes (BHs). Furthermore, we use a super-Lagrangian refinement scheme to resolve AGN feedback coupling to the ISM at ∼ 10 − 100 pc scales. By comparison between merging and isolated galaxies, with and without AGN feedback, we identify trends in the complex interplay between dynamics, BH fueling and feedback, and star formation and feedback. We consider three galaxy types: Milky Way analogs, Sbc-type galaxies, and Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) analogs. The synergy between AGN feedback and merger dynamics is strongest in the Milky Way-like mergers, where the AGN winds are energetically dominant and entrain more gas when the initially thin disks become thick and amorphous during the merger. In contrast, the merger of thicker, vigorously star-forming Sbc galaxies is not strongly impacted by AGN feedback until star formation declines in the post-merger phase. Finally, while the sub-grid dynamical friction prescription effectively retains BHs in galactic nuclei during more massive mergers, the clumpy multiphase ISM induces significant wandering of low-mass BHs (\\textless 105M⊙) in the shallow potentials of the SMC-like galaxies. These low-mass BHs wander at distances ≳ 2 kpc from the galactic center, yielding negligible BH accretion and feedback. This has implications for LISA event rates and present a further challenge to understanding the rapid growth of 𝑧 ∼ 7 − 10 quasars discovered by JWST.","language":"en","number":"3","journal":"Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Sivasankaran"],"firstnames":["Aneesh"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Blecha"],"firstnames":["Laura"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Torrey"],"firstnames":["Paul"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Kelley"],"firstnames":["Luke","Zoltan"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Bhowmick"],"firstnames":["Aklant"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Vogelsberger"],"firstnames":["Mark"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Hernquist"],"firstnames":["Lars"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Marinacci"],"firstnames":["Federico"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Sales"],"firstnames":["Laura","V"],"suffixes":[]}],"month":"November","year":"2025","keywords":"Explainable","bibtex":"@article{sivasankaran_agn_2025,\n\ttitle = {{AGN} feedback in merging galaxies with a {SMUGGLE} multiphase {ISM}},\n\tvolume = {545},\n\turl = {https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf2044},\n\tabstract = {We study fast nuclear winds driven by Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) feedback in merging galaxies using high-resolution hydrodynamics simulations. We Stars and MUltiphase Gas in GaLaxiEs (SMUGGLE) to explicitly model the multiphase interstellar medium (ISM) and employ sub-grid dynamical friction for massive black holes (BHs). Furthermore, we use a super-Lagrangian refinement scheme to resolve AGN feedback coupling to the ISM at ∼ 10 − 100 pc scales. By comparison between merging and isolated galaxies, with and without AGN feedback, we identify trends in the complex interplay between dynamics, BH fueling and feedback, and star formation and feedback. We consider three galaxy types: Milky Way analogs, Sbc-type galaxies, and Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) analogs. The synergy between AGN feedback and merger dynamics is strongest in the Milky Way-like mergers, where the AGN winds are energetically dominant and entrain more gas when the initially thin disks become thick and amorphous during the merger. In contrast, the merger of thicker, vigorously star-forming Sbc galaxies is not strongly impacted by AGN feedback until star formation declines in the post-merger phase. Finally, while the sub-grid dynamical friction prescription effectively retains BHs in galactic nuclei during more massive mergers, the clumpy multiphase ISM induces significant wandering of low-mass BHs ({\\textless} 105M⊙) in the shallow potentials of the SMC-like galaxies. These low-mass BHs wander at distances ≳ 2 kpc from the galactic center, yielding negligible BH accretion and feedback. This has implications for LISA event rates and present a further challenge to understanding the rapid growth of 𝑧 ∼ 7 − 10 quasars discovered by JWST.},\n\tlanguage = {en},\n\tnumber = {3},\n\tjournal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},\n\tauthor = {Sivasankaran, Aneesh and Blecha, Laura and Torrey, Paul and Kelley, Luke Zoltan and Bhowmick, Aklant and Vogelsberger, Mark and Hernquist, Lars and Marinacci, Federico and Sales, Laura V},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2025},\n\tkeywords = {Explainable},\n}\n\n\n\n","author_short":["Sivasankaran, A.","Blecha, L.","Torrey, P.","Kelley, L. Z.","Bhowmick, A.","Vogelsberger, M.","Hernquist, L.","Marinacci, F.","Sales, L. V"],"key":"sivasankaran_agn_2025","id":"sivasankaran_agn_2025","bibbaseid":"sivasankaran-blecha-torrey-kelley-bhowmick-vogelsberger-hernquist-marinacci-etal-agnfeedbackinmerginggalaxieswithasmugglemultiphaseism-2025","role":"author","urls":{"Paper":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf2044"},"keyword":["Explainable"],"metadata":{"authorlinks":{}}},"bibtype":"article","biburl":"https://bibbase.org/zotero-group/pratikmhatre/5933976","dataSources":["yJr5AAtJ5Sz3Q4WT4"],"keywords":["explainable"],"search_terms":["agn","feedback","merging","galaxies","smuggle","multiphase","ism","sivasankaran","blecha","torrey","kelley","bhowmick","vogelsberger","hernquist","marinacci","sales"],"title":"AGN feedback in merging galaxies with a SMUGGLE multiphase ISM","year":2025}