Immature excitatory neurons develop during adolescence in the human amygdala. Sorrells, S. F, Paredes, M. F, Velmeshev, D., Herranz-Pérez, V., Sandoval, K., Mayer, S., Chang, E. F, Insausti, R., Kriegstein, A. R, Rubenstein, J. L, Manuel Garcia-Verdugo, J., Huang, E. J, & Alvarez-Buylla, A. Nat Commun, 10(1):2748, June, 2019.
abstract   bibtex   
The human amygdala grows during childhood, and its abnormal development is linked to mood disorders. The primate amygdala contains a large population of immature neurons in the paralaminar nuclei (PL), suggesting protracted development and possibly neurogenesis. Here we studied human PL development from embryonic stages to adulthood. The PL develops next to the caudal ganglionic eminence, which generates inhibitory interneurons, yet most PL neurons express excitatory markers. In children, most PL cells are immature (DCX+PSA-NCAM+), and during adolescence many transition into mature (TBR1+VGLUT2+) neurons. Immature PL neurons persist into old age, yet local progenitor proliferation sharply decreases in infants. Using single nuclei RNA sequencing, we identify the transcriptional profile of immature excitatory neurons in the human amygdala between 4-15 years. We conclude that the human PL contains excitatory neurons that remain immature for decades, a possible substrate for persistent plasticity at the interface of the hippocampus and amygdala.
@ARTICLE{Sorrells2019-ml,
  title    = "Immature excitatory neurons develop during adolescence in the
              human amygdala",
  author   = "Sorrells, Shawn F and Paredes, Mercedes F and Velmeshev, Dmitry
              and Herranz-P{\'e}rez, Vicente and Sandoval, Kadellyn and Mayer,
              Simone and Chang, Edward F and Insausti, Ricardo and Kriegstein,
              Arnold R and Rubenstein, John L and Manuel Garcia-Verdugo, Jose
              and Huang, Eric J and Alvarez-Buylla, Arturo",
  abstract = "The human amygdala grows during childhood, and its abnormal
              development is linked to mood disorders. The primate amygdala
              contains a large population of immature neurons in the
              paralaminar nuclei (PL), suggesting protracted development and
              possibly neurogenesis. Here we studied human PL development from
              embryonic stages to adulthood. The PL develops next to the caudal
              ganglionic eminence, which generates inhibitory interneurons, yet
              most PL neurons express excitatory markers. In children, most PL
              cells are immature (DCX+PSA-NCAM+), and during adolescence many
              transition into mature (TBR1+VGLUT2+) neurons. Immature PL
              neurons persist into old age, yet local progenitor proliferation
              sharply decreases in infants. Using single nuclei RNA sequencing,
              we identify the transcriptional profile of immature excitatory
              neurons in the human amygdala between 4-15 years. We conclude
              that the human PL contains excitatory neurons that remain
              immature for decades, a possible substrate for persistent
              plasticity at the interface of the hippocampus and amygdala.",
  journal  = "Nat Commun",
  volume   =  10,
  number   =  1,
  pages    = "2748",
  month    =  jun,
  year     =  2019,
  language = "en"
}

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