Characteristics of breath sounds and adventitious respiratory sounds. Sovijärvi, A. R., Malmberg, L. P., Charbonneau, G., Vanderschoot, J., Dalmasso, F., Sacco, C., Rossi, M., & Earis, J. E. European Respiratory Review, 10(77):591–596, 2000.
abstract   bibtex   
Respiratory sounds contain significant information on physiology and pathology of the lungs and the airways. The frequency spectrum and the amplitude of sounds, i.e. tracheal or lung sounds without adventitious sound components (crackles or wheezes), may reflect airway dimension and their pathologic changes (e.g. airway obstruction) or pathologic changes in the pulmonary tissue. Characteristics of crackles, their timing in a respiratory cycle and their waveform, are significantly different in pulmonary disorders. Also, the wheezes may have acoustic features indicating not only the presence of abnormality in the respiratory system but also the severity and locations of airway obstruction most frequently found in asthma and large-airways stenosis.
@article{Sovijarvi2000,
abstract = {Respiratory sounds contain significant information on physiology and pathology of the lungs and the airways. The frequency spectrum and the amplitude of sounds, i.e. tracheal or lung sounds without adventitious sound components (crackles or wheezes), may reflect airway dimension and their pathologic changes (e.g. airway obstruction) or pathologic changes in the pulmonary tissue. Characteristics of crackles, their timing in a respiratory cycle and their waveform, are significantly different in pulmonary disorders. Also, the wheezes may have acoustic features indicating not only the presence of abnormality in the respiratory system but also the severity and locations of airway obstruction most frequently found in asthma and large-airways stenosis.},
author = {Sovij{\"{a}}rvi, A. R.A. and Malmberg, L. P. and Charbonneau, G. and Vanderschoot, J. and Dalmasso, F. and Sacco, C. and Rossi, M. and Earis, J. E.},
issn = {16000617},
journal = {European Respiratory Review},
keywords = {Adventitious sounds,Breath sounds,Respiratory sounds},
number = {77},
pages = {591--596},
title = {{Characteristics of breath sounds and adventitious respiratory sounds}},
volume = {10},
year = {2000}
}

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