@article{
 title = {A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7},
 type = {article},
 year = {2006},
 pages = {1092-1097},
 volume = {166},
 id = {8427dec3-e170-3f93-ba1d-2657eca4a493},
 created = {2020-03-11T10:23:25.369Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {3b00081f-0253-3685-b1e3-85059a3e2c06},
 group_id = {505d3015-84ab-3f10-872d-73bf34007245},
 last_modified = {2020-05-04T15:51:48.428Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Spitzer2006c},
 folder_uuids = {67dec159-456d-49ba-88fe-f5114ae59a2b,84623bda-3205-4135-9336-b5ec34a29d1d},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Background: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. Methods: A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. Results: A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. Conclusion: The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research. ©2006 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Spitzer, Robert L. and Kroenke, Kurt and Williams, Janet B.W. and Löwe, Bernd},
 doi = {10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092},
 journal = {Archives of Internal Medicine},
 number = {10}
}

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The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. Methods: A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. Results: A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. Conclusion: The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research. ©2006 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.","bibtype":"article","author":"Spitzer, Robert L. and Kroenke, Kurt and Williams, Janet B.W. and Löwe, Bernd","doi":"10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092","journal":"Archives of Internal Medicine","number":"10","bibtex":"@article{\n title = {A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7},\n type = {article},\n year = {2006},\n pages = {1092-1097},\n volume = {166},\n id = {8427dec3-e170-3f93-ba1d-2657eca4a493},\n created = {2020-03-11T10:23:25.369Z},\n file_attached = {false},\n profile_id = {3b00081f-0253-3685-b1e3-85059a3e2c06},\n group_id = {505d3015-84ab-3f10-872d-73bf34007245},\n last_modified = {2020-05-04T15:51:48.428Z},\n read = {false},\n starred = {false},\n authored = {false},\n confirmed = {true},\n hidden = {false},\n citation_key = {Spitzer2006c},\n folder_uuids = {67dec159-456d-49ba-88fe-f5114ae59a2b,84623bda-3205-4135-9336-b5ec34a29d1d},\n private_publication = {false},\n abstract = {Background: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. 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Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. Conclusion: The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research. ©2006 American Medical Association. 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