Boreal Forests, Aerosols and the Impacts on Clouds and Climate

Boreal Forests, Aerosols and the Impacts on Clouds and Climate. Spracklen, D. V., Bonn, B., & Carslaw, K. S. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 366(1885):4613–4626, December, 2008.
doi abstract bibtex

Previous studies have concluded that boreal forests warm the climate because the cooling from storage of carbon in vegetation and soils is cancelled out by the warming due to the absorption of the Sun's heat by the dark forest canopy. However, these studies ignored the impacts of forests on atmospheric aerosol. We use a global atmospheric model to show that, through emission of organic vapours and the resulting condensational growth of newly formed particles, boreal forests double regional cloud condensation nuclei concentrations (from approx. 100 to approx. 200$\mkern1mu$cm-3). Using a simple radiative model, we estimate that the resulting change in cloud albedo causes a radiative forcing of between -1.8 and -6.7$\mkern1mu$W$\mkern1mu$m-2 of forest. This forcing may be sufficiently large to result in boreal forests having an overall cooling impact on climate. We propose that the combination of climate forcings related to boreal forests may result in an important global homeostasis. In cold climatic conditions, the snow-vegetation albedo effect dominates and boreal forests warm the climate, whereas in warmer climates they may emit sufficiently large amounts of organic vapour modifying cloud albedo and acting to cool climate. [Excerpt] There is growing interest in the use of forest management to mitigate anthropogenic climate change. Forests store carbon within vegetation and soil, so increasing forest area (through reforestation or reduced deforestation) and increasing carbon storage per unit area of forest (e.g. through sustainable logging practices) can help to slow the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. However, climate mitigation is complicated by the multiple ways in which forests impact climate. In addition to impacts on the global carbon cycle, forests can alter the composition of the atmosphere through the emission of gas-phase and aerosol species (biogeochemical effects) and can modify land-surface properties (biophysical effects). In this paper, we use a global atmospheric model to quantify the impact of biogenic boreal forest emissions on atmospheric aerosol, cloud properties and climate through the first aerosol indirect effect. [...] [::Boreal forests and climate] Forests have complex interactions with the atmosphere. They modify the surface-atmosphere exchange of energy, momentum, water, carbon dioxide and other trace gas and aerosol species (figure 1). Through these interactions, they impact regional and global climates. However, the impacts on large-scale climate are difficult to observe directly and predictions generally rely on global numerical models. Early studies, made using general circulation models, accounted only for the biophysical effects of the forest [...], whereas later studies evaluated both biophysical and carbon cycle impacts. While these studies predict that tropical forests cause climate cooling, due to large carbon storage combined with large evapotranspiration (ET) promoting low-level cloud cover [...], the impact of boreal forests on climate is less certain. Boreal forests (location shown in figure 2) have a dark canopy (with low albedo) that obscures the snow-covered ground (with high albedo), absorbs sunlight and warms the climate (known as the snow-vegetation albedo effect) [...]. This effect is predicted to dominate over the cooling from ET and carbon storage, meaning that boreal forests warm the climate [...] However, these previous studies have not been able to include the impact of boreal forests on atmospheric particles and clouds. [...] [::Boreal forests and aerosols] Boreal forests modify atmospheric particles in several ways. Vegetation emits biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) that can be oxidized in the atmosphere to form products with low enough vapour pressure to condense on existing aerosol particles, forming secondary organic aerosol (SOA). This SOA is an important component of the particulate load in many environments (Zhang et al. 2007) including the boreal forest. The most important BVOCs emitted by boreal forests are monoterpenes (C10H16), with the strength of emission depending on the tree species and varying according to temperature and light among other variables. [...] [::Boreal forest climate feedbacks] Increased temperature drives increased BVOC emissions (e.g. Guenther et al. 1995), which can drive faster particle growth rates, greater CCN concentrations and increased aerosol radiative cooling. A feedback between boreal forests, BVOC emissions, aerosols, clouds and climate is therefore possible (Kulmala et al. 2004b). Tunved et al. (2008) suggest that a 1.4°C increase in temperature would increase CCN concentrations over Scandinavia by 8 per cent and a 5.8°C increase in temperature would increase CCN concentrations by 40 per cent. [\n] While the feedback between forests, monoterpene emissions, aerosols and climate has been reported previously, the combination of different boreal forest forcings could lead to some interesting and so far unexplored behaviour. [\n] The magnitudes of the different boreal forest forcings vary with temperature, resulting in an overall forcing that also depends on temperature.2 During cold climatic periods: [::1] snow will lie on the ground for most of the spring and summer so the warming from the snow-vegetation albedo effect will be large and [::2] monoterpene emissions will be small and so the cooling from the boreal forest-aerosol-cloud albedo effect will be small. [\n] Therefore, in a cold climate, the snow-vegetation albedo effect is likely to dominate and the overall climate forcing from boreal forests is likely to be a warming. The retraction of boreal forests has been shown to provide a positive feedback for glaciation (Meissner et al. 2003). As the climate warms: [::1] snow will melt earlier in the season and so the warming from the snow-vegetation albedo effect decreases and [::2] monoterpene emissions will increase and so the cooling from the boreal forest-aerosol-cloud albedo effect also increases. [\n] With increasing temperature, the net warming from boreal forests will decrease (figure 5). At some temperature, the forest-aerosol-cloud albedo effect may start to dominate and the overall climate forcing from boreal forests may be a cooling. Through these linked mechanisms, boreal forests may help to stabilize regional and global temperatures. Under cold climatic conditions, boreal forests may act to warm climate; whereas under warm climate conditions, they may act to cool climate. [...]

@article{spracklenBorealForestsAerosols2008,
  title = {Boreal Forests, Aerosols and the Impacts on Clouds and Climate},
  author = {Spracklen, Dominick V. and Bonn, Boris and Carslaw, Kenneth S.},
  year = {2008},
  month = dec,
  volume = {366},
  pages = {4613--4626},
  issn = {1471-2962},
  doi = {10.1098/rsta.2008.0201},
  abstract = {Previous studies have concluded that boreal forests warm the climate because the cooling from storage of carbon in vegetation and soils is cancelled out by the warming due to the absorption of the Sun's heat by the dark forest canopy. However, these studies ignored the impacts of forests on atmospheric aerosol. We use a global atmospheric model to show that, through emission of organic vapours and the resulting condensational growth of newly formed particles, boreal forests double regional cloud condensation nuclei concentrations (from approx. 100 to approx. 200{$\mkern1mu$}cm-3). Using a simple radiative model, we estimate that the resulting change in cloud albedo causes a radiative forcing of between -1.8 and -6.7{$\mkern1mu$}W{$\mkern1mu$}m-2 of forest. This forcing may be sufficiently large to result in boreal forests having an overall cooling impact on climate. We propose that the combination of climate forcings related to boreal forests may result in an important global homeostasis. In cold climatic conditions, the snow-vegetation albedo effect dominates and boreal forests warm the climate, whereas in warmer climates they may emit sufficiently large amounts of organic vapour modifying cloud albedo and acting to cool climate.

[Excerpt] There is growing interest in the use of forest management to mitigate anthropogenic climate change. Forests store carbon within vegetation and soil, so increasing forest area (through reforestation or reduced deforestation) and increasing carbon storage per unit area of forest (e.g. through sustainable logging practices) can help to slow the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. However, climate mitigation is complicated by the multiple ways in which forests impact climate. In addition to impacts on the global carbon cycle, forests can alter the composition of the atmosphere through the emission of gas-phase and aerosol species (biogeochemical effects) and can modify land-surface properties (biophysical effects). In this paper, we use a global atmospheric model to quantify the impact of biogenic boreal forest emissions on atmospheric aerosol, cloud properties and climate through the first aerosol indirect effect. [...] [::Boreal forests and climate] Forests have complex interactions with the atmosphere. They modify the surface-atmosphere exchange of energy, momentum, water, carbon dioxide and other trace gas and aerosol species (figure 1). Through these interactions, they impact regional and global climates. However, the impacts on large-scale climate are difficult to observe directly and predictions generally rely on global numerical models. Early studies, made using general circulation models, accounted only for the biophysical effects of the forest [...], whereas later studies evaluated both biophysical and carbon cycle impacts. While these studies predict that tropical forests cause climate cooling, due to large carbon storage combined with large evapotranspiration (ET) promoting low-level cloud cover [...], the impact of boreal forests on climate is less certain. Boreal forests (location shown in figure 2) have a dark canopy (with low albedo) that obscures the snow-covered ground (with high albedo), absorbs sunlight and warms the climate (known as the snow-vegetation albedo effect) [...]. This effect is predicted to dominate over the cooling from ET and carbon storage, meaning that boreal forests warm the climate [...] However, these previous studies have not been able to include the impact of boreal forests on atmospheric particles and clouds. [...]

[::Boreal forests and aerosols] Boreal forests modify atmospheric particles in several ways. Vegetation emits biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) that can be oxidized in the atmosphere to form products with low enough vapour pressure to condense on existing aerosol particles, forming secondary organic aerosol (SOA). This SOA is an important component of the particulate load in many environments (Zhang et al. 2007) including the boreal forest. The most important BVOCs emitted by boreal forests are monoterpenes (C10H16), with the strength of emission depending on the tree species and varying according to temperature and light among other variables. [...]

[::Boreal forest climate feedbacks] Increased temperature drives increased BVOC emissions (e.g. Guenther et al. 1995), which can drive faster particle growth rates, greater CCN concentrations and increased aerosol radiative cooling. A feedback between boreal forests, BVOC emissions, aerosols, clouds and climate is therefore possible (Kulmala et al. 2004b). Tunved et al. (2008) suggest that a 1.4\textdegree C increase in temperature would increase CCN concentrations over Scandinavia by 8 per cent and a 5.8\textdegree C increase in temperature would increase CCN concentrations by 40 per cent.

[\textbackslash n] While the feedback between forests, monoterpene emissions, aerosols and climate has been reported previously, the combination of different boreal forest forcings could lead to some interesting and so far unexplored behaviour.

[\textbackslash n] The magnitudes of the different boreal forest forcings vary with temperature, resulting in an overall forcing that also depends on temperature.2 During cold climatic periods:

[::1] snow will lie on the ground for most of the spring and summer so the warming from the snow-vegetation albedo effect will be large and

[::2] monoterpene emissions will be small and so the cooling from the boreal forest-aerosol-cloud albedo effect will be small.

[\textbackslash n] Therefore, in a cold climate, the snow-vegetation albedo effect is likely to dominate and the overall climate forcing from boreal forests is likely to be a warming. The retraction of boreal forests has been shown to provide a positive feedback for glaciation (Meissner et al. 2003). As the climate warms:

[::1] snow will melt earlier in the season and so the warming from the snow-vegetation albedo effect decreases and

[::2] monoterpene emissions will increase and so the cooling from the boreal forest-aerosol-cloud albedo effect also increases.

[\textbackslash n] With increasing temperature, the net warming from boreal forests will decrease (figure 5). At some temperature, the forest-aerosol-cloud albedo effect may start to dominate and the overall climate forcing from boreal forests may be a cooling. Through these linked mechanisms, boreal forests may help to stabilize regional and global temperatures. Under cold climatic conditions, boreal forests may act to warm climate; whereas under warm climate conditions, they may act to cool climate. [...]},
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-9552814,~to-add-doi-URL,albedo,biogenic-volatile-organic-compounds,boreal-forests,carbon-cycle,climate-change,cloud-condensation,cloud-formation,cloudiness,complexity,ecosystem-services,feedback,forest-resources,global-warming,homeostasis,integrated-natural-resources-modelling-and-management,integration-techniques,monoterpenes,off-site-effects,soil-resources,transdisciplinary-research},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-9552814},
  number = {1885}
}

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S."],"year":2008,"bibtype":"article","biburl":"https://sharefast.me/php/download.php?id=zOUKvA&token=29","bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","title":"Boreal Forests, Aerosols and the Impacts on Clouds and Climate","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Spracklen"],"firstnames":["Dominick","V."],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Bonn"],"firstnames":["Boris"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Carslaw"],"firstnames":["Kenneth","S."],"suffixes":[]}],"year":"2008","month":"December","volume":"366","pages":"4613–4626","issn":"1471-2962","doi":"10.1098/rsta.2008.0201","abstract":"Previous studies have concluded that boreal forests warm the climate because the cooling from storage of carbon in vegetation and soils is cancelled out by the warming due to the absorption of the Sun's heat by the dark forest canopy. However, these studies ignored the impacts of forests on atmospheric aerosol. We use a global atmospheric model to show that, through emission of organic vapours and the resulting condensational growth of newly formed particles, boreal forests double regional cloud condensation nuclei concentrations (from approx. 100 to approx. 200$\\mkern1mu$cm-3). Using a simple radiative model, we estimate that the resulting change in cloud albedo causes a radiative forcing of between -1.8 and -6.7$\\mkern1mu$W$\\mkern1mu$m-2 of forest. This forcing may be sufficiently large to result in boreal forests having an overall cooling impact on climate. We propose that the combination of climate forcings related to boreal forests may result in an important global homeostasis. In cold climatic conditions, the snow-vegetation albedo effect dominates and boreal forests warm the climate, whereas in warmer climates they may emit sufficiently large amounts of organic vapour modifying cloud albedo and acting to cool climate. [Excerpt] There is growing interest in the use of forest management to mitigate anthropogenic climate change. Forests store carbon within vegetation and soil, so increasing forest area (through reforestation or reduced deforestation) and increasing carbon storage per unit area of forest (e.g. through sustainable logging practices) can help to slow the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. However, climate mitigation is complicated by the multiple ways in which forests impact climate. In addition to impacts on the global carbon cycle, forests can alter the composition of the atmosphere through the emission of gas-phase and aerosol species (biogeochemical effects) and can modify land-surface properties (biophysical effects). In this paper, we use a global atmospheric model to quantify the impact of biogenic boreal forest emissions on atmospheric aerosol, cloud properties and climate through the first aerosol indirect effect. [...] [::Boreal forests and climate] Forests have complex interactions with the atmosphere. They modify the surface-atmosphere exchange of energy, momentum, water, carbon dioxide and other trace gas and aerosol species (figure 1). Through these interactions, they impact regional and global climates. However, the impacts on large-scale climate are difficult to observe directly and predictions generally rely on global numerical models. Early studies, made using general circulation models, accounted only for the biophysical effects of the forest [...], whereas later studies evaluated both biophysical and carbon cycle impacts. While these studies predict that tropical forests cause climate cooling, due to large carbon storage combined with large evapotranspiration (ET) promoting low-level cloud cover [...], the impact of boreal forests on climate is less certain. Boreal forests (location shown in figure 2) have a dark canopy (with low albedo) that obscures the snow-covered ground (with high albedo), absorbs sunlight and warms the climate (known as the snow-vegetation albedo effect) [...]. This effect is predicted to dominate over the cooling from ET and carbon storage, meaning that boreal forests warm the climate [...] However, these previous studies have not been able to include the impact of boreal forests on atmospheric particles and clouds. [...] [::Boreal forests and aerosols] Boreal forests modify atmospheric particles in several ways. Vegetation emits biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) that can be oxidized in the atmosphere to form products with low enough vapour pressure to condense on existing aerosol particles, forming secondary organic aerosol (SOA). This SOA is an important component of the particulate load in many environments (Zhang et al. 2007) including the boreal forest. The most important BVOCs emitted by boreal forests are monoterpenes (C10H16), with the strength of emission depending on the tree species and varying according to temperature and light among other variables. [...] [::Boreal forest climate feedbacks] Increased temperature drives increased BVOC emissions (e.g. Guenther et al. 1995), which can drive faster particle growth rates, greater CCN concentrations and increased aerosol radiative cooling. A feedback between boreal forests, BVOC emissions, aerosols, clouds and climate is therefore possible (Kulmala et al. 2004b). Tunved et al. (2008) suggest that a 1.4°C increase in temperature would increase CCN concentrations over Scandinavia by 8 per cent and a 5.8°C increase in temperature would increase CCN concentrations by 40 per cent. [\\n] While the feedback between forests, monoterpene emissions, aerosols and climate has been reported previously, the combination of different boreal forest forcings could lead to some interesting and so far unexplored behaviour. [\\n] The magnitudes of the different boreal forest forcings vary with temperature, resulting in an overall forcing that also depends on temperature.2 During cold climatic periods: [::1] snow will lie on the ground for most of the spring and summer so the warming from the snow-vegetation albedo effect will be large and [::2] monoterpene emissions will be small and so the cooling from the boreal forest-aerosol-cloud albedo effect will be small. [\\n] Therefore, in a cold climate, the snow-vegetation albedo effect is likely to dominate and the overall climate forcing from boreal forests is likely to be a warming. The retraction of boreal forests has been shown to provide a positive feedback for glaciation (Meissner et al. 2003). As the climate warms: [::1] snow will melt earlier in the season and so the warming from the snow-vegetation albedo effect decreases and [::2] monoterpene emissions will increase and so the cooling from the boreal forest-aerosol-cloud albedo effect also increases. [\\n] With increasing temperature, the net warming from boreal forests will decrease (figure 5). At some temperature, the forest-aerosol-cloud albedo effect may start to dominate and the overall climate forcing from boreal forests may be a cooling. Through these linked mechanisms, boreal forests may help to stabilize regional and global temperatures. Under cold climatic conditions, boreal forests may act to warm climate; whereas under warm climate conditions, they may act to cool climate. 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However, these studies ignored the impacts of forests on atmospheric aerosol. We use a global atmospheric model to show that, through emission of organic vapours and the resulting condensational growth of newly formed particles, boreal forests double regional cloud condensation nuclei concentrations (from approx. 100 to approx. 200{$\\mkern1mu$}cm-3). Using a simple radiative model, we estimate that the resulting change in cloud albedo causes a radiative forcing of between -1.8 and -6.7{$\\mkern1mu$}W{$\\mkern1mu$}m-2 of forest. This forcing may be sufficiently large to result in boreal forests having an overall cooling impact on climate. We propose that the combination of climate forcings related to boreal forests may result in an important global homeostasis. In cold climatic conditions, the snow-vegetation albedo effect dominates and boreal forests warm the climate, whereas in warmer climates they may emit sufficiently large amounts of organic vapour modifying cloud albedo and acting to cool climate.\n\n[Excerpt] There is growing interest in the use of forest management to mitigate anthropogenic climate change. Forests store carbon within vegetation and soil, so increasing forest area (through reforestation or reduced deforestation) and increasing carbon storage per unit area of forest (e.g. through sustainable logging practices) can help to slow the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. However, climate mitigation is complicated by the multiple ways in which forests impact climate. In addition to impacts on the global carbon cycle, forests can alter the composition of the atmosphere through the emission of gas-phase and aerosol species (biogeochemical effects) and can modify land-surface properties (biophysical effects). In this paper, we use a global atmospheric model to quantify the impact of biogenic boreal forest emissions on atmospheric aerosol, cloud properties and climate through the first aerosol indirect effect. [...] [::Boreal forests and climate] Forests have complex interactions with the atmosphere. They modify the surface-atmosphere exchange of energy, momentum, water, carbon dioxide and other trace gas and aerosol species (figure 1). Through these interactions, they impact regional and global climates. However, the impacts on large-scale climate are difficult to observe directly and predictions generally rely on global numerical models. Early studies, made using general circulation models, accounted only for the biophysical effects of the forest [...], whereas later studies evaluated both biophysical and carbon cycle impacts. While these studies predict that tropical forests cause climate cooling, due to large carbon storage combined with large evapotranspiration (ET) promoting low-level cloud cover [...], the impact of boreal forests on climate is less certain. Boreal forests (location shown in figure 2) have a dark canopy (with low albedo) that obscures the snow-covered ground (with high albedo), absorbs sunlight and warms the climate (known as the snow-vegetation albedo effect) [...]. This effect is predicted to dominate over the cooling from ET and carbon storage, meaning that boreal forests warm the climate [...] However, these previous studies have not been able to include the impact of boreal forests on atmospheric particles and clouds. [...]\n\n[::Boreal forests and aerosols] Boreal forests modify atmospheric particles in several ways. Vegetation emits biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) that can be oxidized in the atmosphere to form products with low enough vapour pressure to condense on existing aerosol particles, forming secondary organic aerosol (SOA). This SOA is an important component of the particulate load in many environments (Zhang et al. 2007) including the boreal forest. The most important BVOCs emitted by boreal forests are monoterpenes (C10H16), with the strength of emission depending on the tree species and varying according to temperature and light among other variables. [...]\n\n[::Boreal forest climate feedbacks] Increased temperature drives increased BVOC emissions (e.g. Guenther et al. 1995), which can drive faster particle growth rates, greater CCN concentrations and increased aerosol radiative cooling. A feedback between boreal forests, BVOC emissions, aerosols, clouds and climate is therefore possible (Kulmala et al. 2004b). Tunved et al. (2008) suggest that a 1.4\\textdegree C increase in temperature would increase CCN concentrations over Scandinavia by 8 per cent and a 5.8\\textdegree C increase in temperature would increase CCN concentrations by 40 per cent.\n\n[\\textbackslash n] While the feedback between forests, monoterpene emissions, aerosols and climate has been reported previously, the combination of different boreal forest forcings could lead to some interesting and so far unexplored behaviour.\n\n[\\textbackslash n] The magnitudes of the different boreal forest forcings vary with temperature, resulting in an overall forcing that also depends on temperature.2 During cold climatic periods:\n\n[::1] snow will lie on the ground for most of the spring and summer so the warming from the snow-vegetation albedo effect will be large and\n\n[::2] monoterpene emissions will be small and so the cooling from the boreal forest-aerosol-cloud albedo effect will be small.\n\n[\\textbackslash n] Therefore, in a cold climate, the snow-vegetation albedo effect is likely to dominate and the overall climate forcing from boreal forests is likely to be a warming. The retraction of boreal forests has been shown to provide a positive feedback for glaciation (Meissner et al. 2003). As the climate warms:\n\n[::1] snow will melt earlier in the season and so the warming from the snow-vegetation albedo effect decreases and\n\n[::2] monoterpene emissions will increase and so the cooling from the boreal forest-aerosol-cloud albedo effect also increases.\n\n[\\textbackslash n] With increasing temperature, the net warming from boreal forests will decrease (figure 5). At some temperature, the forest-aerosol-cloud albedo effect may start to dominate and the overall climate forcing from boreal forests may be a cooling. Through these linked mechanisms, boreal forests may help to stabilize regional and global temperatures. Under cold climatic conditions, boreal forests may act to warm climate; whereas under warm climate conditions, they may act to cool climate. 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