Betula Papyrifera - Version 2014.3. Stritch, L. In The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, pages 194502/0+. ![Betula Papyrifera - Version 2014.3 [link]](https://bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg "link")
Paper abstract bibtex [Excerpt] Betula papyrifera is a widespread, commonly encountered tree of mixed hardwood/conifer forest ecosystems throughout Canada and the northern United States extending southward in the Appalachian Mountains where it is a component of high elevational spruce/fir forests. It is a common species occurring in nearly 40 northern forest types. In east and east-central Canada and United States it is a major component of two forest cover types: Paper Birch and Paper Birch-Red Spruce-Balsam Fir. In Alaska and western Canada paper birch is a major component three forest cover types: Black Spruce-Paper Birch, White Spruce-Paper Birch and Paper Birch. There are no known threats that are or will adversely affect paper birch in the foreseeable future. Climate change will extirpate paper birch at its southernmost distribution. Especially in the mid to southern Appalachian Mountains but this may be offset with its northern range limits expanding in Quebec and Ontario, Canada. It is assessed as Least Concern. \textasciitilde [::Common Name(s)] [::]English - Paper birch, White birch, Silver birch, Canoe birch [::]French - Bouleau á papier, Bouleau blanc [::Taxonomic Notes] Betula kenaica is said to differ from B. papyrifera primarily in its smaller stature and in its smaller, blunter-tipped, more coarsely and regularly serrate leaves. It is best considered a westward extension of B. papyrifera into southern Alaska, perhaps affected by introgression from B. pendula ssp. mandshurica. [::Range Description] This species~is the most widely distributed birch tree in North America; including all the Canadian provinces, northern United States reaching its most southern occurrences in high elevation forests of the southern Appalachian Mountains. From Alaska to Quebec, it occurs~at the northern limits of tree growth. There are some scattered outliers in the northern Great Plains of Canada and the United States. It is found from near sea level (10 m asl) to upper limits of 1,800 m asl in Yukon and 1,524 m asl in the southern Appalachian Mountains at the North Carolina/Tennessee border.\textasciitilde [::Countries] Native:Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); Saint Pierre and Miquelon; United States (Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming) [::Population] Forest survey data indicate that Betula papyrifera is most abundant in Canada. At its northern geographic limit this species coincides with an average July temperature of 13° C (55° F) isotherm and at its southern geographic limit coincides with an average July temperature of 21° C (70° F) isotherm. It grows with wide variations in the patterns and amounts of annual precipitation from a low of 300 mm (12 in) in Alaska to 1,520 mm (60 in) at high elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. With increases in temperatures due to climate change, the geographic range of this species would contract from its current southern geographic limits, move further north into northern Canada and increase in elevation in the Appalachian Mountains. The core subpopulations occur in Canada and adjacent Alaska. These subpopulations are predicted to expand as the 13° C average July temperature isotherm moves northward and in elevation. Its subpopulations in the northern United States will contract as the southern range limits move northward with average July temperature of 21° C (70° F) isotherm. Potential changes in precipitation patterns and average annual precipitation amounts may or may not adversely affect subpopulations but those potential changes are unknown. [::Habitat and Ecology] A tree to 30 m, often with a single trunk. This species~is a widespread, commonly encountered tree of mixed hardwood/conifer forest ecosystems throughout Canada and the northern United States extending southward in the Appalachian Mountains where the species is a component of high elevational spruce/fir forests. The species may form large nearly pure stands where they colonize sites disturbed by fire or logging. Betula papyrifera is a shade-intolerant, short-lived species. It~grows with wide variations in the patterns and amounts of annual precipitation from a low of 300 mm (12 in) in Alaska to 1,520 mm (60 in) at high elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. Due to its wide range and incumbent genetic diversity, B. papyrifera grows on almost any soil, topographic and slope position ranging from boreal forest muskegs and steep, rocky mountain ridges and rocky outcrops. Generally, it inhabits areas with short cool summers and long cold winters with snow covering land surfaces for long periods of time. It is a common species occurring in nearly 40 northern forest types. In east and east-central Canada and United States paper birch is a major component of two forest cover types: Paper Birch and Paper Birch-Red Spruce-Balsam Fir. In Alaska and western Canada paper birch is a major component three forest cover types: Black Spruce-Paper Birch, White Spruce-Paper Birch and Paper Birch.\textasciitilde The U.S. Army Corp of Engineers National Wetlands Plant List (NWPL) classes this species as a facultative species for the Arid West and Wester Mountains, Valleys and Coast, and as a facultative upland species for the Alaska, Great Plains, Midwest, North Central & Northeasten, Eastern Mountains & Piedmont Regions.\textasciitilde [::Use and Trade] The wood is light, hard, tough and very close grained, it is used for veneer, plywood, pulpwood for paper products, and many speciality products such as clothespins, spools, toothpicks and ice cream sticks. It can be tapped in the spring to obtain sap from which syrup, beer, wine, vinegar or medicinal tonics can be made. The inner bark can be dried and ground into a meal and used as a thickener in soups or added to flour used in making bread. A tea is made form the root bark and young leaves. The bark, which has a high oil content and is consequently waterproof,~was used for a wide variety of building and clothing purposes by the American Indians, including the covering of the familiar birch bark canoe also for drinking vessels and watertight containers. It was also used to cover the roofs of wigwams in the absence of animal skins. The bark is still used in Canada today, where baskets and 'bark-biting' artwork are sold to tourists. Bark sheets are also used commercially for handicrafts and floral arrangement.\textasciitilde Native Americans use~Betula papyrifera~medicinally in enemas, to shrivel the womb, to alleviate stomach cramps and pain, and as a tonic. This species is the state tree of New Hampshire. Introduced to Europe in around 1750, this species is still cultivated widely as an ornamental in temperate gardens, in particular for its attractive white bark.\textasciitilde [::Major Threat(s)] There are no known threats that are or will adversely affect the sustainability of this species in the foreseeable future. Climate change will extirpate it at its southern distribution but this will be offset with it northern range limits expanding and elevational limits increasing across northern Canada and Alaska. Potential changes in precipitation patterns and average annual precipitation amounts may or may not adversely affect subpopulations of this species but those potential changes are unknown. NatureServe (2013) ranks this species secure (G5), however subpopulations in Colorado and Tennessee are Critically Imperiled, those in Wyoming, Illinois, West Virginia and Virginia are Imperiled and those in Indiana and Nebraska are Vulnerable.
@incollection{stritchBetulaPapyriferaVersion2014,
title = {Betula Papyrifera - {{Version}} 2014.3},
booktitle = {The {{IUCN Red List}} of {{Threatened Species}}},
author = {Stritch, L.},
date = {2014},
pages = {194502/0+},
url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/12345678____to-archive},
abstract = {[Excerpt] Betula papyrifera is a widespread, commonly encountered tree of mixed hardwood/conifer forest ecosystems throughout Canada and the northern United States extending southward in the Appalachian Mountains where it is a component of high elevational spruce/fir forests. It is a common species occurring in nearly 40 northern forest types. In east and east-central Canada and United States it is a major component of two forest cover types: Paper Birch and Paper Birch-Red Spruce-Balsam Fir. In Alaska and western Canada paper birch is a major component three forest cover types: Black Spruce-Paper Birch, White Spruce-Paper Birch and Paper Birch. There are no known threats that are or will adversely affect paper birch in the foreseeable future. Climate change will extirpate paper birch at its southernmost distribution. Especially in the mid to southern Appalachian Mountains but this may be offset with its northern range limits expanding in Quebec and Ontario, Canada. It is assessed as Least Concern. \textasciitilde{} [::Common Name(s)] [::]English - Paper birch, White birch, Silver birch, Canoe birch [::]French - Bouleau á papier, Bouleau blanc [::Taxonomic Notes] Betula kenaica is said to differ from B. papyrifera primarily in its smaller stature and in its smaller, blunter-tipped, more coarsely and regularly serrate leaves. It is best considered a westward extension of B. papyrifera into southern Alaska, perhaps affected by introgression from B. pendula ssp. mandshurica. [::Range Description] This species~is the most widely distributed birch tree in North America; including all the Canadian provinces, northern United States reaching its most southern occurrences in high elevation forests of the southern Appalachian Mountains. From Alaska to Quebec, it occurs~at the northern limits of tree growth. There are some scattered outliers in the northern Great Plains of Canada and the United States. It is found from near sea level (10 m asl) to upper limits of 1,800 m asl in Yukon and 1,524 m asl in the southern Appalachian Mountains at the North Carolina/Tennessee border.\textasciitilde{} [::Countries] Native:Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); Saint Pierre and Miquelon; United States (Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming) [::Population] Forest survey data indicate that Betula papyrifera is most abundant in Canada. At its northern geographic limit this species coincides with an average July temperature of 13° C (55° F) isotherm and at its southern geographic limit coincides with an average July temperature of 21° C (70° F) isotherm. It grows with wide variations in the patterns and amounts of annual precipitation from a low of 300 mm (12 in) in Alaska to 1,520 mm (60 in) at high elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. With increases in temperatures due to climate change, the geographic range of this species would contract from its current southern geographic limits, move further north into northern Canada and increase in elevation in the Appalachian Mountains. The core subpopulations occur in Canada and adjacent Alaska. These subpopulations are predicted to expand as the 13° C average July temperature isotherm moves northward and in elevation. Its subpopulations in the northern United States will contract as the southern range limits move northward with average July temperature of 21° C (70° F) isotherm. Potential changes in precipitation patterns and average annual precipitation amounts may or may not adversely affect subpopulations but those potential changes are unknown. [::Habitat and Ecology] A tree to 30 m, often with a single trunk. This species~is a widespread, commonly encountered tree of mixed hardwood/conifer forest ecosystems throughout Canada and the northern United States extending southward in the Appalachian Mountains where the species is a component of high elevational spruce/fir forests. The species may form large nearly pure stands where they colonize sites disturbed by fire or logging. Betula papyrifera is a shade-intolerant, short-lived species. It~grows with wide variations in the patterns and amounts of annual precipitation from a low of 300 mm (12 in) in Alaska to 1,520 mm (60 in) at high elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. Due to its wide range and incumbent genetic diversity, B. papyrifera grows on almost any soil, topographic and slope position ranging from boreal forest muskegs and steep, rocky mountain ridges and rocky outcrops. Generally, it inhabits areas with short cool summers and long cold winters with snow covering land surfaces for long periods of time. It is a common species occurring in nearly 40 northern forest types. In east and east-central Canada and United States paper birch is a major component of two forest cover types: Paper Birch and Paper Birch-Red Spruce-Balsam Fir. In Alaska and western Canada paper birch is a major component three forest cover types: Black Spruce-Paper Birch, White Spruce-Paper Birch and Paper Birch.\textasciitilde{} The U.S. Army Corp of Engineers National Wetlands Plant List (NWPL) classes this species as a facultative species for the Arid West and Wester Mountains, Valleys and Coast, and as a facultative upland species for the Alaska, Great Plains, Midwest, North Central \& Northeasten, Eastern Mountains \& Piedmont Regions.\textasciitilde{} [::Use and Trade] The wood is light, hard, tough and very close grained, it is used for veneer, plywood, pulpwood for paper products, and many speciality products such as clothespins, spools, toothpicks and ice cream sticks. It can be tapped in the spring to obtain sap from which syrup, beer, wine, vinegar or medicinal tonics can be made. The inner bark can be dried and ground into a meal and used as a thickener in soups or added to flour used in making bread. A tea is made form the root bark and young leaves. The bark, which has a high oil content and is consequently waterproof,~was used for a wide variety of building and clothing purposes by the American Indians, including the covering of the familiar birch bark canoe also for drinking vessels and watertight containers. It was also used to cover the roofs of wigwams in the absence of animal skins. The bark is still used in Canada today, where baskets and 'bark-biting' artwork are sold to tourists. Bark sheets are also used commercially for handicrafts and floral arrangement.\textasciitilde{} Native Americans use~Betula papyrifera~medicinally in enemas, to shrivel the womb, to alleviate stomach cramps and pain, and as a tonic. This species is the state tree of New Hampshire. Introduced to Europe in around 1750, this species is still cultivated widely as an ornamental in temperate gardens, in particular for its attractive white bark.\textasciitilde{} [::Major Threat(s)] There are no known threats that are or will adversely affect the sustainability of this species in the foreseeable future. Climate change will extirpate it at its southern distribution but this will be offset with it northern range limits expanding and elevational limits increasing across northern Canada and Alaska. Potential changes in precipitation patterns and average annual precipitation amounts may or may not adversely affect subpopulations of this species but those potential changes are unknown. NatureServe (2013) ranks this species secure (G5), however subpopulations in Colorado and Tennessee are Critically Imperiled, those in Wyoming, Illinois, West Virginia and Virginia are Imperiled and those in Indiana and Nebraska are Vulnerable.},
keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13621342,betula-papyrifera,conservation,forest-resources,iucn,iucn-least-concern-lc}
}
Downloads: 0
{"_id":"7KKzKwx29wbqeCboa","bibbaseid":"stritch-betulapapyriferaversion20143","authorIDs":[],"author_short":["Stritch, L."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"incollection","type":"incollection","title":"Betula Papyrifera - Version 2014.3","booktitle":"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Stritch"],"firstnames":["L."],"suffixes":[]}],"date":"2014","pages":"194502/0+","url":"http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/12345678____to-archive","abstract":"[Excerpt] Betula papyrifera is a widespread, commonly encountered tree of mixed hardwood/conifer forest ecosystems throughout Canada and the northern United States extending southward in the Appalachian Mountains where it is a component of high elevational spruce/fir forests. It is a common species occurring in nearly 40 northern forest types. In east and east-central Canada and United States it is a major component of two forest cover types: Paper Birch and Paper Birch-Red Spruce-Balsam Fir. In Alaska and western Canada paper birch is a major component three forest cover types: Black Spruce-Paper Birch, White Spruce-Paper Birch and Paper Birch. There are no known threats that are or will adversely affect paper birch in the foreseeable future. Climate change will extirpate paper birch at its southernmost distribution. Especially in the mid to southern Appalachian Mountains but this may be offset with its northern range limits expanding in Quebec and Ontario, Canada. It is assessed as Least Concern. \\textasciitilde [::Common Name(s)] [::]English - Paper birch, White birch, Silver birch, Canoe birch [::]French - Bouleau á papier, Bouleau blanc [::Taxonomic Notes] Betula kenaica is said to differ from B. papyrifera primarily in its smaller stature and in its smaller, blunter-tipped, more coarsely and regularly serrate leaves. It is best considered a westward extension of B. papyrifera into southern Alaska, perhaps affected by introgression from B. pendula ssp. mandshurica. [::Range Description] This species~is the most widely distributed birch tree in North America; including all the Canadian provinces, northern United States reaching its most southern occurrences in high elevation forests of the southern Appalachian Mountains. From Alaska to Quebec, it occurs~at the northern limits of tree growth. There are some scattered outliers in the northern Great Plains of Canada and the United States. It is found from near sea level (10 m asl) to upper limits of 1,800 m asl in Yukon and 1,524 m asl in the southern Appalachian Mountains at the North Carolina/Tennessee border.\\textasciitilde [::Countries] Native:Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); Saint Pierre and Miquelon; United States (Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming) [::Population] Forest survey data indicate that Betula papyrifera is most abundant in Canada. At its northern geographic limit this species coincides with an average July temperature of 13° C (55° F) isotherm and at its southern geographic limit coincides with an average July temperature of 21° C (70° F) isotherm. It grows with wide variations in the patterns and amounts of annual precipitation from a low of 300 mm (12 in) in Alaska to 1,520 mm (60 in) at high elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. With increases in temperatures due to climate change, the geographic range of this species would contract from its current southern geographic limits, move further north into northern Canada and increase in elevation in the Appalachian Mountains. The core subpopulations occur in Canada and adjacent Alaska. These subpopulations are predicted to expand as the 13° C average July temperature isotherm moves northward and in elevation. Its subpopulations in the northern United States will contract as the southern range limits move northward with average July temperature of 21° C (70° F) isotherm. Potential changes in precipitation patterns and average annual precipitation amounts may or may not adversely affect subpopulations but those potential changes are unknown. [::Habitat and Ecology] A tree to 30 m, often with a single trunk. This species~is a widespread, commonly encountered tree of mixed hardwood/conifer forest ecosystems throughout Canada and the northern United States extending southward in the Appalachian Mountains where the species is a component of high elevational spruce/fir forests. The species may form large nearly pure stands where they colonize sites disturbed by fire or logging. Betula papyrifera is a shade-intolerant, short-lived species. It~grows with wide variations in the patterns and amounts of annual precipitation from a low of 300 mm (12 in) in Alaska to 1,520 mm (60 in) at high elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. Due to its wide range and incumbent genetic diversity, B. papyrifera grows on almost any soil, topographic and slope position ranging from boreal forest muskegs and steep, rocky mountain ridges and rocky outcrops. Generally, it inhabits areas with short cool summers and long cold winters with snow covering land surfaces for long periods of time. It is a common species occurring in nearly 40 northern forest types. In east and east-central Canada and United States paper birch is a major component of two forest cover types: Paper Birch and Paper Birch-Red Spruce-Balsam Fir. In Alaska and western Canada paper birch is a major component three forest cover types: Black Spruce-Paper Birch, White Spruce-Paper Birch and Paper Birch.\\textasciitilde The U.S. Army Corp of Engineers National Wetlands Plant List (NWPL) classes this species as a facultative species for the Arid West and Wester Mountains, Valleys and Coast, and as a facultative upland species for the Alaska, Great Plains, Midwest, North Central & Northeasten, Eastern Mountains & Piedmont Regions.\\textasciitilde [::Use and Trade] The wood is light, hard, tough and very close grained, it is used for veneer, plywood, pulpwood for paper products, and many speciality products such as clothespins, spools, toothpicks and ice cream sticks. It can be tapped in the spring to obtain sap from which syrup, beer, wine, vinegar or medicinal tonics can be made. The inner bark can be dried and ground into a meal and used as a thickener in soups or added to flour used in making bread. A tea is made form the root bark and young leaves. The bark, which has a high oil content and is consequently waterproof,~was used for a wide variety of building and clothing purposes by the American Indians, including the covering of the familiar birch bark canoe also for drinking vessels and watertight containers. It was also used to cover the roofs of wigwams in the absence of animal skins. The bark is still used in Canada today, where baskets and 'bark-biting' artwork are sold to tourists. Bark sheets are also used commercially for handicrafts and floral arrangement.\\textasciitilde Native Americans use~Betula papyrifera~medicinally in enemas, to shrivel the womb, to alleviate stomach cramps and pain, and as a tonic. This species is the state tree of New Hampshire. Introduced to Europe in around 1750, this species is still cultivated widely as an ornamental in temperate gardens, in particular for its attractive white bark.\\textasciitilde [::Major Threat(s)] There are no known threats that are or will adversely affect the sustainability of this species in the foreseeable future. Climate change will extirpate it at its southern distribution but this will be offset with it northern range limits expanding and elevational limits increasing across northern Canada and Alaska. Potential changes in precipitation patterns and average annual precipitation amounts may or may not adversely affect subpopulations of this species but those potential changes are unknown. NatureServe (2013) ranks this species secure (G5), however subpopulations in Colorado and Tennessee are Critically Imperiled, those in Wyoming, Illinois, West Virginia and Virginia are Imperiled and those in Indiana and Nebraska are Vulnerable.","keywords":"*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13621342,betula-papyrifera,conservation,forest-resources,iucn,iucn-least-concern-lc","bibtex":"@incollection{stritchBetulaPapyriferaVersion2014,\n title = {Betula Papyrifera - {{Version}} 2014.3},\n booktitle = {The {{IUCN Red List}} of {{Threatened Species}}},\n author = {Stritch, L.},\n date = {2014},\n pages = {194502/0+},\n url = {http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/12345678____to-archive},\n abstract = {[Excerpt] Betula papyrifera is a widespread, commonly encountered tree of mixed hardwood/conifer forest ecosystems throughout Canada and the northern United States extending southward in the Appalachian Mountains where it is a component of high elevational spruce/fir forests. It is a common species occurring in nearly 40 northern forest types. In east and east-central Canada and United States it is a major component of two forest cover types: Paper Birch and Paper Birch-Red Spruce-Balsam Fir. In Alaska and western Canada paper birch is a major component three forest cover types: Black Spruce-Paper Birch, White Spruce-Paper Birch and Paper Birch. There are no known threats that are or will adversely affect paper birch in the foreseeable future. Climate change will extirpate paper birch at its southernmost distribution. Especially in the mid to southern Appalachian Mountains but this may be offset with its northern range limits expanding in Quebec and Ontario, Canada. It is assessed as Least Concern. \\textasciitilde{} [::Common Name(s)] [::]English - Paper birch, White birch, Silver birch, Canoe birch [::]French - Bouleau á papier, Bouleau blanc [::Taxonomic Notes] Betula kenaica is said to differ from B. papyrifera primarily in its smaller stature and in its smaller, blunter-tipped, more coarsely and regularly serrate leaves. It is best considered a westward extension of B. papyrifera into southern Alaska, perhaps affected by introgression from B. pendula ssp. mandshurica. [::Range Description] This species~is the most widely distributed birch tree in North America; including all the Canadian provinces, northern United States reaching its most southern occurrences in high elevation forests of the southern Appalachian Mountains. From Alaska to Quebec, it occurs~at the northern limits of tree growth. There are some scattered outliers in the northern Great Plains of Canada and the United States. It is found from near sea level (10 m asl) to upper limits of 1,800 m asl in Yukon and 1,524 m asl in the southern Appalachian Mountains at the North Carolina/Tennessee border.\\textasciitilde{} [::Countries] Native:Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland I, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward I., Québec, Saskatchewan, Yukon); Saint Pierre and Miquelon; United States (Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming) [::Population] Forest survey data indicate that Betula papyrifera is most abundant in Canada. At its northern geographic limit this species coincides with an average July temperature of 13° C (55° F) isotherm and at its southern geographic limit coincides with an average July temperature of 21° C (70° F) isotherm. It grows with wide variations in the patterns and amounts of annual precipitation from a low of 300 mm (12 in) in Alaska to 1,520 mm (60 in) at high elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. With increases in temperatures due to climate change, the geographic range of this species would contract from its current southern geographic limits, move further north into northern Canada and increase in elevation in the Appalachian Mountains. The core subpopulations occur in Canada and adjacent Alaska. These subpopulations are predicted to expand as the 13° C average July temperature isotherm moves northward and in elevation. Its subpopulations in the northern United States will contract as the southern range limits move northward with average July temperature of 21° C (70° F) isotherm. Potential changes in precipitation patterns and average annual precipitation amounts may or may not adversely affect subpopulations but those potential changes are unknown. [::Habitat and Ecology] A tree to 30 m, often with a single trunk. This species~is a widespread, commonly encountered tree of mixed hardwood/conifer forest ecosystems throughout Canada and the northern United States extending southward in the Appalachian Mountains where the species is a component of high elevational spruce/fir forests. The species may form large nearly pure stands where they colonize sites disturbed by fire or logging. Betula papyrifera is a shade-intolerant, short-lived species. It~grows with wide variations in the patterns and amounts of annual precipitation from a low of 300 mm (12 in) in Alaska to 1,520 mm (60 in) at high elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. Due to its wide range and incumbent genetic diversity, B. papyrifera grows on almost any soil, topographic and slope position ranging from boreal forest muskegs and steep, rocky mountain ridges and rocky outcrops. Generally, it inhabits areas with short cool summers and long cold winters with snow covering land surfaces for long periods of time. It is a common species occurring in nearly 40 northern forest types. In east and east-central Canada and United States paper birch is a major component of two forest cover types: Paper Birch and Paper Birch-Red Spruce-Balsam Fir. In Alaska and western Canada paper birch is a major component three forest cover types: Black Spruce-Paper Birch, White Spruce-Paper Birch and Paper Birch.\\textasciitilde{} The U.S. Army Corp of Engineers National Wetlands Plant List (NWPL) classes this species as a facultative species for the Arid West and Wester Mountains, Valleys and Coast, and as a facultative upland species for the Alaska, Great Plains, Midwest, North Central \\& Northeasten, Eastern Mountains \\& Piedmont Regions.\\textasciitilde{} [::Use and Trade] The wood is light, hard, tough and very close grained, it is used for veneer, plywood, pulpwood for paper products, and many speciality products such as clothespins, spools, toothpicks and ice cream sticks. It can be tapped in the spring to obtain sap from which syrup, beer, wine, vinegar or medicinal tonics can be made. The inner bark can be dried and ground into a meal and used as a thickener in soups or added to flour used in making bread. A tea is made form the root bark and young leaves. The bark, which has a high oil content and is consequently waterproof,~was used for a wide variety of building and clothing purposes by the American Indians, including the covering of the familiar birch bark canoe also for drinking vessels and watertight containers. It was also used to cover the roofs of wigwams in the absence of animal skins. The bark is still used in Canada today, where baskets and 'bark-biting' artwork are sold to tourists. Bark sheets are also used commercially for handicrafts and floral arrangement.\\textasciitilde{} Native Americans use~Betula papyrifera~medicinally in enemas, to shrivel the womb, to alleviate stomach cramps and pain, and as a tonic. This species is the state tree of New Hampshire. Introduced to Europe in around 1750, this species is still cultivated widely as an ornamental in temperate gardens, in particular for its attractive white bark.\\textasciitilde{} [::Major Threat(s)] There are no known threats that are or will adversely affect the sustainability of this species in the foreseeable future. Climate change will extirpate it at its southern distribution but this will be offset with it northern range limits expanding and elevational limits increasing across northern Canada and Alaska. Potential changes in precipitation patterns and average annual precipitation amounts may or may not adversely affect subpopulations of this species but those potential changes are unknown. NatureServe (2013) ranks this species secure (G5), however subpopulations in Colorado and Tennessee are Critically Imperiled, those in Wyoming, Illinois, West Virginia and Virginia are Imperiled and those in Indiana and Nebraska are Vulnerable.},\n keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13621342,betula-papyrifera,conservation,forest-resources,iucn,iucn-least-concern-lc}\n}\n\n","author_short":["Stritch, L."],"key":"stritchBetulaPapyriferaVersion2014","id":"stritchBetulaPapyriferaVersion2014","bibbaseid":"stritch-betulapapyriferaversion20143","role":"author","urls":{"Paper":"http://mfkp.org/INRMM/article/12345678____to-archive"},"keyword":["*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM","~INRMM-MiD:c-13621342","betula-papyrifera","conservation","forest-resources","iucn","iucn-least-concern-lc"],"downloads":0},"bibtype":"incollection","biburl":"https://tmpfiles.org/dl/58794/INRMM.bib","creationDate":"2020-07-02T22:41:29.931Z","downloads":0,"keywords":["*imported-from-citeulike-inrmm","~inrmm-mid:c-13621342","betula-papyrifera","conservation","forest-resources","iucn","iucn-least-concern-lc"],"search_terms":["betula","papyrifera","version","2014","stritch"],"title":"Betula Papyrifera - Version 2014.3","year":null,"dataSources":["DXuKbcZTirdigFKPF"]}