Reproductive output of eiders Somateria m. mollissima on the southern border of its breeding range

Reproductive output of eiders Somateria m. mollissima on the southern border of its breeding range. Swennen, C. Ardea, 71(2):245-254, 1983.

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The Dutch West-Frisian Islands represent the most southern offshoot of the breeding range of elder in Europe. Mean clutch size was 4.74 + or - 0.16 eggs (range 4.45-4.95) not markedly different from records of colonies more to the centre of the breeding range. Mean hatching success in the protected breeding areas in The Netherlands was high, >90% in 1959-1979. Only during 1962-1969 was nesting success lower, as was survival of adult females in the nesting period, as a consequence of pollution of the foraging grounds by chlorinated hydrocarbons. Duckling mortality in the nursery area (Wadden Sea), however, was variable and usually very high. In the Vlieland colony of 1700-2200 nests, the mean number of fledglings produced per female per year was only 0.29 (range 0.00-0.85). Production per female in the 5 colonies studies was unequal, but fluctuations from year-to-year ran parallel. Average fledgling production over all colonies was 0.47 per female per year. The proportions of the eggs laid that resulted in a fledgling were much lower than in the colonies in the centre of the breeding range. Thus, high duckling mortality may be the key factor determining the southern border of the distribution range of the eider in Europe.-from Author

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 abstract = {The Dutch West-Frisian Islands represent the most southern offshoot of the breeding range of elder in Europe. Mean clutch size was 4.74 + or - 0.16 eggs (range 4.45-4.95) not markedly different from records of colonies more to the centre of the breeding range. Mean hatching success in the protected breeding areas in The Netherlands was high, >90% in 1959-1979. Only during 1962-1969 was nesting success lower, as was survival of adult females in the nesting period, as a consequence of pollution of the foraging grounds by chlorinated hydrocarbons. Duckling mortality in the nursery area (Wadden Sea), however, was variable and usually very high. In the Vlieland colony of 1700-2200 nests, the mean number of fledglings produced per female per year was only 0.29 (range 0.00-0.85). Production per female in the 5 colonies studies was unequal, but fluctuations from year-to-year ran parallel. Average fledgling production over all colonies was 0.47 per female per year. The proportions of the eggs laid that resulted in a fledgling were much lower than in the colonies in the centre of the breeding range. Thus, high duckling mortality may be the key factor determining the southern border of the distribution range of the eider in Europe.-from Author},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Swennen, C.},
 journal = {Ardea},
 number = {2}
}

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