@article{szwagrzykSpatialPatternsTrees1993,
  title = {Spatial Patterns of Trees in Natural Forests of {{East}}-{{Central Europe}}},
  author = {Szwagrzyk, Jerzy and Czerwczak, Marek},
  year = {1993},
  month = aug,
  volume = {4},
  pages = {469--476},
  issn = {1100-9233},
  doi = {10.2307/3236074},
  abstract = {The analysis of spatial patterns is one of the ways to estimate the role of competition among trees in forest dynamics. Three hypotheses concerning distribution patterns in old-growth stands were tested: (1) fine-scale spatial patterns of trees are regular; (2) patterns do not differ significantly from a random distribution, and (3) spatial patterns at larger scales are clumped because of site heterogeneity. Old-growth forest stands in Poland and the Czech Republic were analysed with a modified Ripley K function, using distribution maps of tree stems.

Fine-scale spatial patterns (with distances among trees not exceeding 15 m) were usually intermediate between random and regular. Trends towards a regular distribution occurred more often among dead than among live individuals. No significant relationships between tree species were found at smaller scales; however, at larger scales (distances from 15-25 m) negative associations between some species were found. This reflects site heterogeneity rather than any direct influence of one tree species upon another.},
  journal = {Journal of Vegetation Science},
  keywords = {*imported-from-citeulike-INRMM,~INRMM-MiD:c-13295676,abies-alba,acer-campestre,betula-pendula,carpinus-betulus,central-europe,east-europe,fagus-sylvatica,forest-resources,fraxinus-angustifolia,picea-abies,quercus-robur,semi-natural-habitat,spatial-pattern,tilia-cordata,ulmus-glabra},
  lccn = {INRMM-MiD:c-13295676},
  number = {4}
}

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Three hypotheses concerning distribution patterns in old-growth stands were tested: (1) fine-scale spatial patterns of trees are regular; (2) patterns do not differ significantly from a random distribution, and (3) spatial patterns at larger scales are clumped because of site heterogeneity. Old-growth forest stands in Poland and the Czech Republic were analysed with a modified Ripley K function, using distribution maps of tree stems. Fine-scale spatial patterns (with distances among trees not exceeding 15 m) were usually intermediate between random and regular. Trends towards a regular distribution occurred more often among dead than among live individuals. No significant relationships between tree species were found at smaller scales; however, at larger scales (distances from 15-25 m) negative associations between some species were found. 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Three hypotheses concerning distribution patterns in old-growth stands were tested: (1) fine-scale spatial patterns of trees are regular; (2) patterns do not differ significantly from a random distribution, and (3) spatial patterns at larger scales are clumped because of site heterogeneity. Old-growth forest stands in Poland and the Czech Republic were analysed with a modified Ripley K function, using distribution maps of tree stems.\n\nFine-scale spatial patterns (with distances among trees not exceeding 15 m) were usually intermediate between random and regular. Trends towards a regular distribution occurred more often among dead than among live individuals. No significant relationships between tree species were found at smaller scales; however, at larger scales (distances from 15-25 m) negative associations between some species were found. 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