@techreport{tait_optimising_2016-1,
	address = {Wellington, New Zealand.},
	type = {{MPI} {Technical} {Paper}},
	title = {Optimising settlement arrays for surveillance of non-indigenous biofouling species. {Literature} review},
	url = {https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/15067/direct},
	abstract = {The Ministry for Primary Industries commissioned an evaluation of the utility of passive
sampling devices or “settlement arrays” for early detection of marine non-indigenous species
(NIS) to complement the sampling methods currently used in the national Marine High Risk
Site Surveillance (MHRSS). Passive sampling methods have a long history of use in marine
biological research, where they have been used predominantly to study the recruitment of
sessile marine organisms from planktonic life stages (larvae, spores, etc.) into a benthic
juvenile or adult phase. They may have some advantages (and disadvantages) over current
sampling methods used in the MHRSS including:
• the ability to sample species continuously over a period of time (“time integrated
sampling”),
• the ability to sample locations that are inaccessible to divers and other sampling
methods,
• the ability to sample juvenile (pre-reproductive) stages of NIS, and
• less dependence on specialist expertise to obtain the samples.
This literature review forms the first component of the evaluation. It is intended to inform the
design of subsequent field trials of the arrays to optimise their use for detecting a broad range
of non-indigenous biofouling organisms.
The review summarises current knowledge on the use of passive sampling methods in marine
biosecurity surveillance and aspects of the design and deployment of settlement arrays that
are likely to influence the types and abundances of biofouling organisms sampled by them.
Published scientific literature, unpublished technical reports and scientific experts were
consulted to evaluate the importance of a range of design and environmental influences on the
biofouling assemblages sampled by settlement arrays. These included:
• the type and colour of material,
• plate size,
• depth of deployment,
• orientation,
• surface roughness,
• period of deployment (season and duration),
• presence of antifouling coatings (including methods used to prematurely age the
coatings),
• broad taxonomic differences in settlement preferences, and
• the number and spatial distribution of arrays.
The review identified a number of key characteristics of settlement arrays that have a strong
influence on the types of biofouling organisms that recruit to them. Most important were the
timing, duration and depth of deployment, orientation (and shading) of the surfaces, surface
rugosity, predation and the presence of antifouling coatings. By comparison, the type of
material used to construct the surfaces and its size appear to have relatively minor effects on
the composition and richness of the assemblages, but did affect the abundance of individual
species.
Ministry for Primary Industries Optimising settlement arrays for surveillance of non-indigenous biofouling species • 1
The presence of light and accumulation of sediment on deployed structures have important
influences on biofouling macroalgae and invertebrates. Macroalgal species are more
frequently observed on vertically-oriented and upward-facing structures at shallow depths ({\textless}
5 m), where there is limited light attenuation. In contrast, the accumulation of sediment on
upward-facing surfaces in estuarine environments limits recruitment of invertebrates, many of
which exhibit a preference for the shaded undersides of surfaces or on vertically-oriented
structures where sediment cannot collect.
Studies have highlighted the importance of fish predation on settlement array assemblages
whereby unprotected settlement arrays develop different assemblages compared to protected
surfaces, particularly at tropical latitudes.
The presence of biocidal antifouling coatings inhibits recruitment of biofouling organisms,
but as the coating degrades the composition of the assemblage is influenced by the tolerance
of different species to the residual biocides. Many non-indigenous barnacles, bryozoans, and
polychaete worms, in particular, exhibit a high tolerance to common antifouling biocides and
occur earlier and in greater abundance on biocidal coated surfaces.
Although settlement arrays are used in a number of marine biosecurity applications overseas,
there have been relatively few assessments of their utility for early detection of biofouling
NIS. A disadvantage of this method for early detection is that, like other methods of passive
sampling, the relationship between the presence and abundance of the target species within
the environment and its detection on the settlement surface is complex and difficult to
quantify. For biofouling species, this can mean that:
• uncommon (rare) biofouling species, including those that are at an early stage of
population establishment, will be under-sampled, and
• absence from an array does not necessarily mean the absence of an established
population (because of species-specific variation in settlement preferences).
Although arrays can be deployed and retrieved by people with limited scientific knowledge,
another disadvantage associated with the use of settlement arrays is that, identification of
accumulated organisms requires specialist taxonomic expertise and can be time-consuming,
sometimes requiring up to 4 h processing per plate, and expensive. In Australia, Canada and
the USA, where non-specialists have been used to implement surveillance using settlement
arrays, the programmes are focussed on a suite of target species, rather than all potential NIS.
Based on the results of the review, and taking into account the constraints of the project
budget, it is recommended that the proposed field trials incorporate experimental treatments
to determine the best combination of array design features to complement the MHRSS
programme:
• orientation of plates (vertical vs. horizontal undersides),
• predation cages (caged and uncaged),
• presence of antifouling coating (three levels: non-biocidal control, thin antifouling top
coat and moderate antifouling top coat), and
• surface rugosity (rough only).
The plates should be constructed of polyvinyl chloride and all plates should be deployed at
2 m depth from floating structures. A minimum of ten replicates of each treatment condition
should be deployed to allow a robust assessment of their ability to sample NIS richness. The
plates should be deployed for a minimum of three months to allow biofouling to reach a size
and maturity to enable high taxonomic resolution.},
	number = {No: 2016/71},
	urldate = {2020-12-14},
	author = {Tait, Leigh and Inglis, Graeme},
	month = nov,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {53},
}

{"_id":"hQ2ZZ3aTbfhsoBmdo","bibbaseid":"tait-inglis-optimisingsettlementarraysforsurveillanceofnonindigenousbiofoulingspeciesliteraturereview-2016","author_short":["Tait, L.","Inglis, G."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"techreport","type":"MPI Technical Paper","address":"Wellington, New Zealand.","title":"Optimising settlement arrays for surveillance of non-indigenous biofouling species. Literature review","url":"https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/15067/direct","abstract":"The Ministry for Primary Industries commissioned an evaluation of the utility of passive sampling devices or “settlement arrays” for early detection of marine non-indigenous species (NIS) to complement the sampling methods currently used in the national Marine High Risk Site Surveillance (MHRSS). Passive sampling methods have a long history of use in marine biological research, where they have been used predominantly to study the recruitment of sessile marine organisms from planktonic life stages (larvae, spores, etc.) into a benthic juvenile or adult phase. They may have some advantages (and disadvantages) over current sampling methods used in the MHRSS including: • the ability to sample species continuously over a period of time (“time integrated sampling”), • the ability to sample locations that are inaccessible to divers and other sampling methods, • the ability to sample juvenile (pre-reproductive) stages of NIS, and • less dependence on specialist expertise to obtain the samples. This literature review forms the first component of the evaluation. It is intended to inform the design of subsequent field trials of the arrays to optimise their use for detecting a broad range of non-indigenous biofouling organisms. The review summarises current knowledge on the use of passive sampling methods in marine biosecurity surveillance and aspects of the design and deployment of settlement arrays that are likely to influence the types and abundances of biofouling organisms sampled by them. Published scientific literature, unpublished technical reports and scientific experts were consulted to evaluate the importance of a range of design and environmental influences on the biofouling assemblages sampled by settlement arrays. These included: • the type and colour of material, • plate size, • depth of deployment, • orientation, • surface roughness, • period of deployment (season and duration), • presence of antifouling coatings (including methods used to prematurely age the coatings), • broad taxonomic differences in settlement preferences, and • the number and spatial distribution of arrays. The review identified a number of key characteristics of settlement arrays that have a strong influence on the types of biofouling organisms that recruit to them. Most important were the timing, duration and depth of deployment, orientation (and shading) of the surfaces, surface rugosity, predation and the presence of antifouling coatings. By comparison, the type of material used to construct the surfaces and its size appear to have relatively minor effects on the composition and richness of the assemblages, but did affect the abundance of individual species. Ministry for Primary Industries Optimising settlement arrays for surveillance of non-indigenous biofouling species • 1 The presence of light and accumulation of sediment on deployed structures have important influences on biofouling macroalgae and invertebrates. Macroalgal species are more frequently observed on vertically-oriented and upward-facing structures at shallow depths (\\textless 5 m), where there is limited light attenuation. In contrast, the accumulation of sediment on upward-facing surfaces in estuarine environments limits recruitment of invertebrates, many of which exhibit a preference for the shaded undersides of surfaces or on vertically-oriented structures where sediment cannot collect. Studies have highlighted the importance of fish predation on settlement array assemblages whereby unprotected settlement arrays develop different assemblages compared to protected surfaces, particularly at tropical latitudes. The presence of biocidal antifouling coatings inhibits recruitment of biofouling organisms, but as the coating degrades the composition of the assemblage is influenced by the tolerance of different species to the residual biocides. Many non-indigenous barnacles, bryozoans, and polychaete worms, in particular, exhibit a high tolerance to common antifouling biocides and occur earlier and in greater abundance on biocidal coated surfaces. Although settlement arrays are used in a number of marine biosecurity applications overseas, there have been relatively few assessments of their utility for early detection of biofouling NIS. A disadvantage of this method for early detection is that, like other methods of passive sampling, the relationship between the presence and abundance of the target species within the environment and its detection on the settlement surface is complex and difficult to quantify. For biofouling species, this can mean that: • uncommon (rare) biofouling species, including those that are at an early stage of population establishment, will be under-sampled, and • absence from an array does not necessarily mean the absence of an established population (because of species-specific variation in settlement preferences). Although arrays can be deployed and retrieved by people with limited scientific knowledge, another disadvantage associated with the use of settlement arrays is that, identification of accumulated organisms requires specialist taxonomic expertise and can be time-consuming, sometimes requiring up to 4 h processing per plate, and expensive. In Australia, Canada and the USA, where non-specialists have been used to implement surveillance using settlement arrays, the programmes are focussed on a suite of target species, rather than all potential NIS. Based on the results of the review, and taking into account the constraints of the project budget, it is recommended that the proposed field trials incorporate experimental treatments to determine the best combination of array design features to complement the MHRSS programme: • orientation of plates (vertical vs. horizontal undersides), • predation cages (caged and uncaged), • presence of antifouling coating (three levels: non-biocidal control, thin antifouling top coat and moderate antifouling top coat), and • surface rugosity (rough only). The plates should be constructed of polyvinyl chloride and all plates should be deployed at 2 m depth from floating structures. A minimum of ten replicates of each treatment condition should be deployed to allow a robust assessment of their ability to sample NIS richness. The plates should be deployed for a minimum of three months to allow biofouling to reach a size and maturity to enable high taxonomic resolution.","number":"No: 2016/71","urldate":"2020-12-14","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Tait"],"firstnames":["Leigh"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Inglis"],"firstnames":["Graeme"],"suffixes":[]}],"month":"November","year":"2016","pages":"53","bibtex":"@techreport{tait_optimising_2016-1,\n\taddress = {Wellington, New Zealand.},\n\ttype = {{MPI} {Technical} {Paper}},\n\ttitle = {Optimising settlement arrays for surveillance of non-indigenous biofouling species. {Literature} review},\n\turl = {https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/15067/direct},\n\tabstract = {The Ministry for Primary Industries commissioned an evaluation of the utility of passive\nsampling devices or “settlement arrays” for early detection of marine non-indigenous species\n(NIS) to complement the sampling methods currently used in the national Marine High Risk\nSite Surveillance (MHRSS). Passive sampling methods have a long history of use in marine\nbiological research, where they have been used predominantly to study the recruitment of\nsessile marine organisms from planktonic life stages (larvae, spores, etc.) into a benthic\njuvenile or adult phase. They may have some advantages (and disadvantages) over current\nsampling methods used in the MHRSS including:\n• the ability to sample species continuously over a period of time (“time integrated\nsampling”),\n• the ability to sample locations that are inaccessible to divers and other sampling\nmethods,\n• the ability to sample juvenile (pre-reproductive) stages of NIS, and\n• less dependence on specialist expertise to obtain the samples.\nThis literature review forms the first component of the evaluation. It is intended to inform the\ndesign of subsequent field trials of the arrays to optimise their use for detecting a broad range\nof non-indigenous biofouling organisms.\nThe review summarises current knowledge on the use of passive sampling methods in marine\nbiosecurity surveillance and aspects of the design and deployment of settlement arrays that\nare likely to influence the types and abundances of biofouling organisms sampled by them.\nPublished scientific literature, unpublished technical reports and scientific experts were\nconsulted to evaluate the importance of a range of design and environmental influences on the\nbiofouling assemblages sampled by settlement arrays. These included:\n• the type and colour of material,\n• plate size,\n• depth of deployment,\n• orientation,\n• surface roughness,\n• period of deployment (season and duration),\n• presence of antifouling coatings (including methods used to prematurely age the\ncoatings),\n• broad taxonomic differences in settlement preferences, and\n• the number and spatial distribution of arrays.\nThe review identified a number of key characteristics of settlement arrays that have a strong\ninfluence on the types of biofouling organisms that recruit to them. Most important were the\ntiming, duration and depth of deployment, orientation (and shading) of the surfaces, surface\nrugosity, predation and the presence of antifouling coatings. By comparison, the type of\nmaterial used to construct the surfaces and its size appear to have relatively minor effects on\nthe composition and richness of the assemblages, but did affect the abundance of individual\nspecies.\nMinistry for Primary Industries Optimising settlement arrays for surveillance of non-indigenous biofouling species • 1\nThe presence of light and accumulation of sediment on deployed structures have important\ninfluences on biofouling macroalgae and invertebrates. Macroalgal species are more\nfrequently observed on vertically-oriented and upward-facing structures at shallow depths ({\\textless}\n5 m), where there is limited light attenuation. In contrast, the accumulation of sediment on\nupward-facing surfaces in estuarine environments limits recruitment of invertebrates, many of\nwhich exhibit a preference for the shaded undersides of surfaces or on vertically-oriented\nstructures where sediment cannot collect.\nStudies have highlighted the importance of fish predation on settlement array assemblages\nwhereby unprotected settlement arrays develop different assemblages compared to protected\nsurfaces, particularly at tropical latitudes.\nThe presence of biocidal antifouling coatings inhibits recruitment of biofouling organisms,\nbut as the coating degrades the composition of the assemblage is influenced by the tolerance\nof different species to the residual biocides. Many non-indigenous barnacles, bryozoans, and\npolychaete worms, in particular, exhibit a high tolerance to common antifouling biocides and\noccur earlier and in greater abundance on biocidal coated surfaces.\nAlthough settlement arrays are used in a number of marine biosecurity applications overseas,\nthere have been relatively few assessments of their utility for early detection of biofouling\nNIS. A disadvantage of this method for early detection is that, like other methods of passive\nsampling, the relationship between the presence and abundance of the target species within\nthe environment and its detection on the settlement surface is complex and difficult to\nquantify. For biofouling species, this can mean that:\n• uncommon (rare) biofouling species, including those that are at an early stage of\npopulation establishment, will be under-sampled, and\n• absence from an array does not necessarily mean the absence of an established\npopulation (because of species-specific variation in settlement preferences).\nAlthough arrays can be deployed and retrieved by people with limited scientific knowledge,\nanother disadvantage associated with the use of settlement arrays is that, identification of\naccumulated organisms requires specialist taxonomic expertise and can be time-consuming,\nsometimes requiring up to 4 h processing per plate, and expensive. In Australia, Canada and\nthe USA, where non-specialists have been used to implement surveillance using settlement\narrays, the programmes are focussed on a suite of target species, rather than all potential NIS.\nBased on the results of the review, and taking into account the constraints of the project\nbudget, it is recommended that the proposed field trials incorporate experimental treatments\nto determine the best combination of array design features to complement the MHRSS\nprogramme:\n• orientation of plates (vertical vs. horizontal undersides),\n• predation cages (caged and uncaged),\n• presence of antifouling coating (three levels: non-biocidal control, thin antifouling top\ncoat and moderate antifouling top coat), and\n• surface rugosity (rough only).\nThe plates should be constructed of polyvinyl chloride and all plates should be deployed at\n2 m depth from floating structures. A minimum of ten replicates of each treatment condition\nshould be deployed to allow a robust assessment of their ability to sample NIS richness. The\nplates should be deployed for a minimum of three months to allow biofouling to reach a size\nand maturity to enable high taxonomic resolution.},\n\tnumber = {No: 2016/71},\n\turldate = {2020-12-14},\n\tauthor = {Tait, Leigh and Inglis, Graeme},\n\tmonth = nov,\n\tyear = {2016},\n\tpages = {53},\n}\n\n","author_short":["Tait, L.","Inglis, G."],"key":"tait_optimising_2016-1","id":"tait_optimising_2016-1","bibbaseid":"tait-inglis-optimisingsettlementarraysforsurveillanceofnonindigenousbiofoulingspeciesliteraturereview-2016","role":"author","urls":{"Paper":"https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/15067/direct"},"metadata":{"authorlinks":{}}},"bibtype":"techreport","biburl":"https://api.zotero.org/groups/1780128/items?key=mkYJdVcVZD5yyS6bAqdHVlVs&format=bibtex&limit=100","dataSources":["DzoRvg3v4wt7w44ED"],"keywords":[],"search_terms":["optimising","settlement","arrays","surveillance","non","indigenous","biofouling","species","literature","review","tait","inglis"],"title":"Optimising settlement arrays for surveillance of non-indigenous biofouling species. Literature review","year":2016}