Second-Position Syncopation in European and American Vocal Music. Temperley, D. Empirical Musicology Review, 14(1-2):66, nov, 2019.
Second-Position Syncopation in European and American Vocal Music [link]Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   
I define a second-position syncopation as one involving a long note or accent on the second quarter of a half-note or quarter-note unit. I present a corpus analysis of second-position syncopation in 19th-century European and American vocal music. I argue that the analysis of syncopation requires consideration of other musical features besides note-onset patterns, including pitch contour, duration, and text-setting. The corpus analysis reveals that second-position syncopation was common in English, Scottish, Euro-American, and African-American vocal music, but rare in French, German, and Italian vocal music. This suggests that the prevalence of such syncopations in ragtime and later popular music was at least partly due to British influence.
@Article{          temperley2019-second-position,
    author       = {Temperley, David},
    year         = {2019},
    title        = {Second-Position Syncopation in European and American
                   Vocal Music},
    abstract     = {I define a second-position syncopation as one involving a
                   long note or accent on the second quarter of a half-note
                   or quarter-note unit. I present a corpus analysis of
                   second-position syncopation in 19th-century European and
                   American vocal music. I argue that the analysis of
                   syncopation requires consideration of other musical
                   features besides note-onset patterns, including pitch
                   contour, duration, and text-setting. The corpus analysis
                   reveals that second-position syncopation was common in
                   English, Scottish, Euro-American, and African-American
                   vocal music, but rare in French, German, and Italian vocal
                   music. This suggests that the prevalence of such
                   syncopations in ragtime and later popular music was at
                   least partly due to British influence.},
    doi          = {10.18061/emr.v14i1-2.6986},
    issn         = {1559-5749},
    journal      = {Empirical Musicology Review},
    keywords     = {19th-century scottish song,8th-note beat,a phrase from
                   a,a short note on,a strong quarter-note beat,distinctive
                   rhythmic,f igure 1a shows,first of all,followed by a
                   longer,gesture,inside the box,it connects,music
                   analysis,note on the following,of historical interest
                   in,rhythm,scotch snap,several respects,syncopation,the
                   phrase features a,this rhythmic pattern is,vocal
                   music,with},
    mendeley-tags= {music analysis},
    month        = {nov},
    number       = {1-2},
    pages        = {66},
    url          = {http://emusicology.org/article/view/6986},
    volume       = {14}
}

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