Reionization Bubbles from Real-Space Cross Correlations of Line Intensity Maps. Thélie, E., Libanore, S., Sklansky, Y., Muñoz, J. B., & Kovetz, E. D. February, 2026. arXiv:2602.12277 [astro-ph]![Reionization Bubbles from Real-Space Cross Correlations of Line Intensity Maps [link]](https://bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg "link")
Paper doi abstract bibtex We propose a new way to reconstruct the ionized-bubble size distribution during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) through the real-space cross-correlation of 21-cm and star-forming line-intensity maps. Understanding the evolution and timing of the EoR is crucial for both astrophysics and cosmology, and a wealth of information on the first sources can be extracted from the study of ionized bubbles. Nevertheless, directly mapping bubbles is challenging due to the high redshifts involved, possible selection biases, and foregrounds in 21-cm maps. Here, we exploit the real-space cross-correlation $ξ_\{21,ν\}$ between 21-cm and line-intensity mapping (LIM) signals to reconstruct the evolution of bubble sizes during reionization. For the first time, we show that $ξ_\{21,ν\}(r)$ departs from a saturation level for each separation $r$ when bubbles of size $r$ begin to form, providing a handle for the onset of bubbles of each radius. Moreover, we demonstrate that $ξ_\{21,ν\}$ evolves from positive to negative as the EoR progresses, reaching a minimum (i.e. maximum anti-correlation) when bubbles of radius $r$ reach peak abundance. We show that these results are robust to changes in the astrophysical model as well as the timing/topology of reionization. This real-space observable complements usual Fourier-space estimators by capturing the localized nature of bubbles, offering new insights into the sources driving cosmic reionization.
@misc{thelie_reionization_2026,
title = {Reionization {Bubbles} from {Real}-{Space} {Cross} {Correlations} of {Line} {Intensity} {Maps}},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2602.12277},
doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2602.12277},
abstract = {We propose a new way to reconstruct the ionized-bubble size distribution during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) through the real-space cross-correlation of 21-cm and star-forming line-intensity maps. Understanding the evolution and timing of the EoR is crucial for both astrophysics and cosmology, and a wealth of information on the first sources can be extracted from the study of ionized bubbles. Nevertheless, directly mapping bubbles is challenging due to the high redshifts involved, possible selection biases, and foregrounds in 21-cm maps. Here, we exploit the real-space cross-correlation \$ξ\_\{21,ν\}\$ between 21-cm and line-intensity mapping (LIM) signals to reconstruct the evolution of bubble sizes during reionization. For the first time, we show that \$ξ\_\{21,ν\}(r)\$ departs from a saturation level for each separation \$r\$ when bubbles of size \$r\$ begin to form, providing a handle for the onset of bubbles of each radius. Moreover, we demonstrate that \$ξ\_\{21,ν\}\$ evolves from positive to negative as the EoR progresses, reaching a minimum (i.e. maximum anti-correlation) when bubbles of radius \$r\$ reach peak abundance. We show that these results are robust to changes in the astrophysical model as well as the timing/topology of reionization. This real-space observable complements usual Fourier-space estimators by capturing the localized nature of bubbles, offering new insights into the sources driving cosmic reionization.},
language = {en},
urldate = {2026-03-02},
publisher = {arXiv},
author = {Thélie, Emilie and Libanore, Sarah and Sklansky, Yonatan and Muñoz, Julian B. and Kovetz, Ely D.},
month = feb,
year = {2026},
note = {arXiv:2602.12277 [astro-ph]},
keywords = {Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics},
}
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Nevertheless, directly mapping bubbles is challenging due to the high redshifts involved, possible selection biases, and foregrounds in 21-cm maps. Here, we exploit the real-space cross-correlation $ξ_\\{21,ν\\}$ between 21-cm and line-intensity mapping (LIM) signals to reconstruct the evolution of bubble sizes during reionization. For the first time, we show that $ξ_\\{21,ν\\}(r)$ departs from a saturation level for each separation $r$ when bubbles of size $r$ begin to form, providing a handle for the onset of bubbles of each radius. Moreover, we demonstrate that $ξ_\\{21,ν\\}$ evolves from positive to negative as the EoR progresses, reaching a minimum (i.e. maximum anti-correlation) when bubbles of radius $r$ reach peak abundance. We show that these results are robust to changes in the astrophysical model as well as the timing/topology of reionization. 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