Food habits of bald eagles in Maine. Todd, C., S., Young, L., S., Owen, Jr., R., B., & Gramlich, F., J. Journal of Wildlife Management, 46:363-645, 1982.
abstract   bibtex   
Food remains were collected at 78 different bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) breeding and wintering areas in Maine during 1976-80. Nearly 1,400 prey individuals were identified. Fish com- prised 79% of the food items collected in interior Maine. Three species, brown bullhead (Ictalurus neb- ulosus), white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), and chain pickerel (Esox niger), were favored foods in freshwater habitats. Birds, primarily gulls (Larus spp.) and black ducks (Anas rubripes), comprised 76% of the prey remains from coastal Maine, but seasonal and regional variations were noted. Eagles nesting near coastal estuaries relied more on fish; those on offshore islands fed largely on colonial nesting seabirds. Waterfowl (Anatidae) were a primary food source (24% of all food items) for eagles wintering in coastal Maine. The importance of fish was often under-rated in food debris collections and should be qualified by comparisons with observations or collections of fresh foods.
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 title = {Food habits of bald eagles in Maine},
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 year = {1982},
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 keywords = {bald eagle diet maine},
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 volume = {46},
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 abstract = {Food remains were collected at 78 different bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) breeding and wintering areas in Maine during 1976-80. Nearly 1,400 prey individuals were identified. Fish com- prised 79% of the food items collected in interior Maine. Three species, brown bullhead (Ictalurus neb- ulosus), white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), and chain pickerel (Esox niger), were favored foods in freshwater habitats. Birds, primarily gulls (Larus spp.) and black ducks (Anas rubripes), comprised 76% of the prey remains from coastal Maine, but seasonal and regional variations were noted. Eagles nesting near coastal estuaries relied more on fish; those on offshore islands fed largely on colonial nesting seabirds. Waterfowl (Anatidae) were a primary food source (24% of all food items) for eagles wintering in coastal Maine. The importance of fish was often under-rated in food debris collections and should be qualified by comparisons with observations or collections of fresh foods.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Todd, Charles S. and Young, L. S. and Owen, Jr., Ray B. and Gramlich, Francis J.},
 journal = {Journal of Wildlife Management}
}

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