@Article{Toro2005-backward,
  author   = {Juan M Toro and Josep B Trobalon and N\'uria Sebasti\'an-Gall\'es},
  journal  = {J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process},
  title    = {Effects of backward speech and speaker variability in language discrimination by rats.},
  year     = {2005},
  number   = {1},
  pages    = {95-100},
  volume   = {31},
  abstract = {Human infants use prosodic cues present in speech to extract language
	regularities, and it has been suggested that this capacity is anchored
	in more general mechanisms that are shared across mammals. This study
	explores the extent to which rats can generalize prosodic cues that
	have been extracted from a training corpus to new sentences and how
	this discrimination process is affected by the normalization of the
	sentences when multiple speakers are introduced. Conditions 1 and
	2 show rats' abilities to use prosodic cues present in speech, allowing
	them to discriminate between sentences not previously heard. But
	this discrimination is not possible when sentences are played backward.
	Conditions 3 and 4 show that language discrimination by rats is also
	taxed by the process of speaker normalization. These findings have
	remarkable parallels with data from human adults, human newborns,
	and cotton-top tamarins. Implications for speech perception by humans
	are discussed.},
  doi      = {10.1037/0097-7403.31.1.95},
  keywords = {Animals, Association Learning, Attention, Generalization, Language, Male, Non-U.S. Gov't, Phonetics, Rats, Research Support, Speech Acoustics, Speech Perception, Sprague-Dawley, Stimulus, Voice Quality, 15656730},
}

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