A looming tragedy of the sand commons. Torres, A., Brandt, J., Lear, K., & Liu, J. Science, 357(6355):970–971, September, 2017. 00000 ![A looming tragedy of the sand commons [link]](https://bibbase.org/img/filetypes/link.svg "link")
Paper doi abstract bibtex Between 1900 and 2010, the global volume of natural resources used in buildings and transport infrastructure increased 23-fold (1). Sand and gravel are the largest portion of these primary material inputs (79% or 28.6 gigatons per year in 2010) and are the most extracted group of materials worldwide, exceeding fossil fuels and biomass (2). In most regions, sand is a common-pool resource, i.e., a resource that is open to all because access can be limited only at high cost. Because of the difficulty in regulating their consumption, common-pool resources are prone to tragedies of the commons as people may selfishly extract them without considering long-term consequences, eventually leading to overexploitation or degradation. Even when sand mining is regulated, it is often subject to rampant illegal extraction and trade (3). As a result, sand scarcity (4) is an emerging issue with major sociopolitical, economic, and environmental implications. Increasing sand extraction, trade, and consumption pose global sustainability challenges Increasing sand extraction, trade, and consumption pose global sustainability challenges
@article{torres_looming_2017,
title = {A looming tragedy of the sand commons},
volume = {357},
copyright = {Copyright © 2017 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. http://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuseThis is an article distributed under the terms of the Science Journals Default License.},
issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
url = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6355/970},
doi = {10.1126/science.aao0503},
abstract = {Between 1900 and 2010, the global volume of natural resources used in buildings and transport infrastructure increased 23-fold (1). Sand and gravel are the largest portion of these primary material inputs (79\% or 28.6 gigatons per year in 2010) and are the most extracted group of materials worldwide, exceeding fossil fuels and biomass (2). In most regions, sand is a common-pool resource, i.e., a resource that is open to all because access can be limited only at high cost. Because of the difficulty in regulating their consumption, common-pool resources are prone to tragedies of the commons as people may selfishly extract them without considering long-term consequences, eventually leading to overexploitation or degradation. Even when sand mining is regulated, it is often subject to rampant illegal extraction and trade (3). As a result, sand scarcity (4) is an emerging issue with major sociopolitical, economic, and environmental implications.
Increasing sand extraction, trade, and consumption pose global sustainability challenges
Increasing sand extraction, trade, and consumption pose global sustainability challenges},
language = {en},
number = {6355},
urldate = {2017-10-10},
journal = {Science},
author = {Torres, Aurora and Brandt, Jodi and Lear, Kristen and Liu, Jianguo},
month = sep,
year = {2017},
pmid = {28883058},
note = {00000 },
keywords = {collapse, limits, minerals, sand},
pages = {970--971},
file = {Torres et al. - 2017 - A looming tragedy of the sand commons.pdf:C\:\\Users\\rsrs\\Documents\\Zotero Database\\storage\\7WZJSKUU\\Torres et al. - 2017 - A looming tragedy of the sand commons.pdf:application/pdf}
}
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Sand and gravel are the largest portion of these primary material inputs (79% or 28.6 gigatons per year in 2010) and are the most extracted group of materials worldwide, exceeding fossil fuels and biomass (2). In most regions, sand is a common-pool resource, i.e., a resource that is open to all because access can be limited only at high cost. Because of the difficulty in regulating their consumption, common-pool resources are prone to tragedies of the commons as people may selfishly extract them without considering long-term consequences, eventually leading to overexploitation or degradation. Even when sand mining is regulated, it is often subject to rampant illegal extraction and trade (3). As a result, sand scarcity (4) is an emerging issue with major sociopolitical, economic, and environmental implications. 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No claim to original U.S. Government Works. http://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuseThis is an article distributed under the terms of the Science Journals Default License.},\n\tissn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},\n\turl = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6355/970},\n\tdoi = {10.1126/science.aao0503},\n\tabstract = {Between 1900 and 2010, the global volume of natural resources used in buildings and transport infrastructure increased 23-fold (1). Sand and gravel are the largest portion of these primary material inputs (79\\% or 28.6 gigatons per year in 2010) and are the most extracted group of materials worldwide, exceeding fossil fuels and biomass (2). In most regions, sand is a common-pool resource, i.e., a resource that is open to all because access can be limited only at high cost. 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