Continuous real-time measurement of fluorescence lifetimes. Trabesinger, W., Hübner, C. G., Hecht, B., & Wild, U. P. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 73(8):3122-3124, 07, 2002.
doi  abstract   bibtex   
We report on the continuous measurement of fluorescence lifetimes at low light levels. Fluorescence photons following pulsed excitation generate a pulse sequence with exponentially distributed amplitudes and interphoton times at the output of a time-to-amplitude converter. This sequence is turned into a continuous step function and is time averaged with an adjustable bandwidth. For a single-exponential decay, our approach yields identical results as would be obtained from fitting fluorescence decays, while being a real-time technique. The proposed technique performs especially well at low count rates. We demonstrate the applicability of the method at the example of confocal fluorescence lifetime imaging of single molecules.
@article{trabesinger2002continuous,
  abstract = {We report on the continuous measurement of fluorescence lifetimes at low light levels. Fluorescence photons following pulsed excitation generate a pulse sequence with exponentially distributed amplitudes and interphoton times at the output of a time-to-amplitude converter. This sequence is turned into a continuous step function and is time averaged with an adjustable bandwidth. For a single-exponential decay, our approach yields identical results as would be obtained from fitting fluorescence decays, while being a real-time technique. The proposed technique performs especially well at low count rates. We demonstrate the applicability of the method at the example of confocal fluorescence lifetime imaging of single molecules.},
  added-at = {2020-02-17T11:32:38.000+0100},
  author = {Trabesinger, Werner and Hübner, Christian G. and Hecht, Bert and Wild, Urs P.},
  biburl = {https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/2a0a5a42b92fefe4c50064b93f7d459f3/ep5optics},
  day = 25,
  doi = {10.1063/1.1488676},
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  issn = {0034-6748},
  journal = {Rev. Sci. Instrum.},
  keywords = {experiment lifetime-measurements nano-optics single-molecules},
  month = {07},
  number = 8,
  pages = {3122-3124},
  timestamp = {2020-02-17T11:32:38.000+0100},
  title = {Continuous real-time measurement of fluorescence lifetimes},
  urldate = {2020-02-17},
  volume = 73,
  year = 2002
}

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