@article{tran_impacts_2023,
	title = {Impacts of {Radio}-{Frequency} {Electromagnetic} {Field} ({RF}-{EMF}) on {Lettuce} ({Lactuca} sativa)-{Evidence} for {RF}-{EMF} {Interference} with {Plant} {Stress} {Responses}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {2223-7747},
	doi = {10.3390/plants12051082},
	abstract = {The increased use of wireless technology causes a significant exposure increase for all living organisms to radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). This comprises bacteria, animals, and also plants. Unfortunately, our understanding of how RF-EMF influences plants and plant physiology remains inadequate. In this study, we examined the effects of RF-EMF radiation on lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa) in both indoor and outdoor environments using the frequency ranges of 1890-1900 MHz (DECT) at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz (Wi-Fi). Under greenhouse conditions, RF-EMF exposure had only a minor impact on fast chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics and no effect on plant flowering time. In contrast, lettuce plants exposed to RF-EMF in the field showed a significant and systemic decrease in photosynthetic efficiency and accelerated flowering time compared to the control groups. Gene expression analysis revealed significant down-regulation of two stress-related genes in RF-EMF-exposed plants: violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) and zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP). RF-EMF-exposed plants had lower Photosystem II's maximal photochemical quantum yield (FV/FM) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) than control plants under light stress conditions. In summary, our results imply that RF-EMF might interfere with plant stress responses and reduced plant stress tolerance.},
	language = {eng},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)},
	author = {Tran, Nam Trung and Jokic, Luca and Keller, Julian and Geier, Jens Uwe and Kaldenhoff, Ralf},
	month = feb,
	year = {2023},
	pmid = {36903942},
	pmcid = {PMC10005510},
	keywords = {flowering, lettuce, photosynthesis, plants, radio frequency electromagnetic fields, stress},
	pages = {1082},
}

{"_id":"2oPXh39QKse4jgjgy","bibbaseid":"tran-jokic-keller-geier-kaldenhoff-impactsofradiofrequencyelectromagneticfieldrfemfonlettucelactucasativaevidenceforrfemfinterferencewithplantstressresponses-2023","author_short":["Tran, N. T.","Jokic, L.","Keller, J.","Geier, J. U.","Kaldenhoff, R."],"bibdata":{"bibtype":"article","type":"article","title":"Impacts of Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF) on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)-Evidence for RF-EMF Interference with Plant Stress Responses","volume":"12","issn":"2223-7747","doi":"10.3390/plants12051082","abstract":"The increased use of wireless technology causes a significant exposure increase for all living organisms to radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). This comprises bacteria, animals, and also plants. Unfortunately, our understanding of how RF-EMF influences plants and plant physiology remains inadequate. In this study, we examined the effects of RF-EMF radiation on lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa) in both indoor and outdoor environments using the frequency ranges of 1890-1900 MHz (DECT) at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz (Wi-Fi). Under greenhouse conditions, RF-EMF exposure had only a minor impact on fast chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics and no effect on plant flowering time. In contrast, lettuce plants exposed to RF-EMF in the field showed a significant and systemic decrease in photosynthetic efficiency and accelerated flowering time compared to the control groups. Gene expression analysis revealed significant down-regulation of two stress-related genes in RF-EMF-exposed plants: violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) and zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP). RF-EMF-exposed plants had lower Photosystem II's maximal photochemical quantum yield (FV/FM) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) than control plants under light stress conditions. In summary, our results imply that RF-EMF might interfere with plant stress responses and reduced plant stress tolerance.","language":"eng","number":"5","journal":"Plants (Basel, Switzerland)","author":[{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Tran"],"firstnames":["Nam","Trung"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Jokic"],"firstnames":["Luca"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Keller"],"firstnames":["Julian"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Geier"],"firstnames":["Jens","Uwe"],"suffixes":[]},{"propositions":[],"lastnames":["Kaldenhoff"],"firstnames":["Ralf"],"suffixes":[]}],"month":"February","year":"2023","pmid":"36903942","pmcid":"PMC10005510","keywords":"flowering, lettuce, photosynthesis, plants, radio frequency electromagnetic fields, stress","pages":"1082","bibtex":"@article{tran_impacts_2023,\n\ttitle = {Impacts of {Radio}-{Frequency} {Electromagnetic} {Field} ({RF}-{EMF}) on {Lettuce} ({Lactuca} sativa)-{Evidence} for {RF}-{EMF} {Interference} with {Plant} {Stress} {Responses}},\n\tvolume = {12},\n\tissn = {2223-7747},\n\tdoi = {10.3390/plants12051082},\n\tabstract = {The increased use of wireless technology causes a significant exposure increase for all living organisms to radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). This comprises bacteria, animals, and also plants. Unfortunately, our understanding of how RF-EMF influences plants and plant physiology remains inadequate. In this study, we examined the effects of RF-EMF radiation on lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa) in both indoor and outdoor environments using the frequency ranges of 1890-1900 MHz (DECT) at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz (Wi-Fi). Under greenhouse conditions, RF-EMF exposure had only a minor impact on fast chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics and no effect on plant flowering time. In contrast, lettuce plants exposed to RF-EMF in the field showed a significant and systemic decrease in photosynthetic efficiency and accelerated flowering time compared to the control groups. Gene expression analysis revealed significant down-regulation of two stress-related genes in RF-EMF-exposed plants: violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) and zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP). RF-EMF-exposed plants had lower Photosystem II's maximal photochemical quantum yield (FV/FM) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) than control plants under light stress conditions. In summary, our results imply that RF-EMF might interfere with plant stress responses and reduced plant stress tolerance.},\n\tlanguage = {eng},\n\tnumber = {5},\n\tjournal = {Plants (Basel, Switzerland)},\n\tauthor = {Tran, Nam Trung and Jokic, Luca and Keller, Julian and Geier, Jens Uwe and Kaldenhoff, Ralf},\n\tmonth = feb,\n\tyear = {2023},\n\tpmid = {36903942},\n\tpmcid = {PMC10005510},\n\tkeywords = {flowering, lettuce, photosynthesis, plants, radio frequency electromagnetic fields, stress},\n\tpages = {1082},\n}\n\n","author_short":["Tran, N. T.","Jokic, L.","Keller, J.","Geier, J. U.","Kaldenhoff, R."],"key":"tran_impacts_2023","id":"tran_impacts_2023","bibbaseid":"tran-jokic-keller-geier-kaldenhoff-impactsofradiofrequencyelectromagneticfieldrfemfonlettucelactucasativaevidenceforrfemfinterferencewithplantstressresponses-2023","role":"author","urls":{},"keyword":["flowering","lettuce","photosynthesis","plants","radio frequency electromagnetic fields","stress"],"metadata":{"authorlinks":{}}},"bibtype":"article","biburl":"https://api.zotero.org/groups/4853211/items?key=OEecXicpyjGmsRQt3mfoAFjR&format=bibtex&limit=100","dataSources":["N9kWB4QQNGRGLiQSq"],"keywords":["flowering","lettuce","photosynthesis","plants","radio frequency electromagnetic fields","stress"],"search_terms":["impacts","radio","frequency","electromagnetic","field","emf","lettuce","lactuca","sativa","evidence","emf","interference","plant","stress","responses","tran","jokic","keller","geier","kaldenhoff"],"title":"Impacts of Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF) on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)-Evidence for RF-EMF Interference with Plant Stress Responses","year":2023}