Self-organizing Doubly-linked Lists. Valiveti, R. S. & Oommen, B. J. 14(6):88–114.
Self-organizing Doubly-linked Lists [link]Paper  doi  abstract   bibtex   
In this paper, we study the problem of maintaining a doubly-linked list (DLL) in approximately optimal order, with respect to the mean search time. We study two types of DLL reorganization strategies. Move-To-End (MTE) [12] and SWAP [14] are two memoryless DLL heuristics obtained from natural extensions of the well-known singly-linked-list (SLL) heuristics, move-to-front and transposition, respectively. We first derive a general sufficient condition which permits comparison of any two DLL heuristics. We use this condition as a guideline to identify families of access distributions for which SWAP yields a lower expected cost than the MTE. We have also presented an absorbing DLL heuristic. The strategy requires one additional memory location and is analogous to the scheme presented in [15]. The reorganization is achieved by moving each element exactly once to its final position in the reorganized list. The scheme is stochastically absorbing and it is shown to be optimal for a restricted family of distributions. Thus, for these distributions, the probability of the scheme converging to the optimal list order can be made as close to unity as desired.
@Article{	  valiveti_self-organizing_1993,
  title		= {Self-organizing Doubly-linked Lists},
  volume	= {14},
  issn		= {0196-6774},
  url		= {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196677483710059},
  doi		= {https://doi.org/10.1006/jagm.1993.1005},
  abstract	= {In this paper, we study the problem of maintaining a
		  doubly-linked list ({DLL}) in approximately optimal order,
		  with respect to the mean search time. We study two types of
		  {DLL} reorganization strategies. Move-To-End ({MTE}) [12]
		  and {SWAP} [14] are two memoryless {DLL} heuristics
		  obtained from natural extensions of the well-known
		  singly-linked-list ({SLL}) heuristics, move-to-front and
		  transposition, respectively. We first derive a general
		  sufficient condition which permits comparison of any two
		  {DLL} heuristics. We use this condition as a guideline to
		  identify families of access distributions for which {SWAP}
		  yields a lower expected cost than the {MTE}. We have also
		  presented an absorbing {DLL} heuristic. The strategy
		  requires one additional memory location and is analogous to
		  the scheme presented in [15]. The reorganization is
		  achieved by moving each element exactly once to its final
		  position in the reorganized list. The scheme is
		  stochastically absorbing and it is shown to be optimal for
		  a restricted family of distributions. Thus, for these
		  distributions, the probability of the scheme converging to
		  the optimal list order can be made as close to unity as
		  desired.},
  pages		= {88--114},
  number	= {6},
  journaltitle	= {Journal of Algorithms,},
  author	= {Valiveti, R. S. and Oommen, B. J.},
  date		= {1993}
}

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